Endoplasmic reticulum

The nervous system makes it possible for animals to know and react to the environment around them. A change or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue is a stimulus. There can either be an internal or an external stimulus. Internal stimulus being something like hunger or pain, while external is more along the lines of a sound or an odor. The nervous system interprets stimuli and orders other organ systems to respond. The nervous system does so through using sensory…

Introduction The scientific study of Huntington’s Disease (HD) had began in 1872, by George Huntington who is a family physician that had published a report on the clinical symptoms and peculiar mode of inheritance of the disorder.(1, 2) Huntington’s disease has 3 subtypes according to the age onset, which are infantile, juvenile and the adult-onset.(2) Individuals with Huntington’s disease can become asymptomatic between the ages of 1 and 80 years.(3) The typical mean age of onset is 40 years,…

lysosomes to clear up, however these lysosomes burst and kill other neurons (Cobb, 2009). The harmful Prion proteins gather at the synapses of neurones, stopping them functioning; however the ‘spongey’ changes occur in cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, between the axons of neurones, and glial cell processes (Soto, 2011). (©http://microbiologyspring2011.wikispaces.com/+New+Variant+Creutzfeldt+-Jakob+Disease) As you can see in the image above, there is a lot of shrinkage in the…

What are the nonpolar parts of a phospholipid? c. Tail group 4. This is the only polar portion of a cholesterol molecule and it forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of phospholipids. d. –OH group 5. This type of membrane protein will extend throughout the entire membrane touching both the Intracellular fluid and the Extracellular fluid. e. Integral proteins f. Transmembrane proteins g. Integral proteins and Transmembrane proteins Ans: D…

Kaempferol is a natural polyphenol, secondary metabolite (flavonol), a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plant-derived foods. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 276–278 °C. It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in hot ethanol, ethers, and DMSO. Kaempferol acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress. Many studies suggest that consuming kaempferol may reduce the risk of various cancers, and it is currently under consideration as a possible…

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders observed approximately in 1-3% of population, it has affected around 70 million people worldwide and nearly 90% of them are found in developing regions (Ngugi et al; 2010). The corresponding figure for India was estimated to be more than 12 million with 1% prevalence contributes nearly one-sixth of the global burden (Senthil Amudhan et al., 2015). Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition…