Endoplasmic reticulum

organelles are embedded Mitochondria g. Sites of cellular respiration Nucleolus h. Composed of RNA and protein Vacuole i. Occupies greatest volume in mature plant cells Nuclear Envelope j. Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum k. Forms channels for intracellular movement of materials Lysosomes l. Sacs of powerful digestive enzymes Ribosomes m.…

1. The resting membrane potential is the potential difference across the cell membrane of excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells. The 3 major factors that establish a resting membrane potential are as follows: (1) Non-diffusible anions: The resting membrane potential is influenced by the presence of large non-diffusible anions (proteins, nucleic acids and organic phosphates) inside a cell. The presence of large non-diffusible anions inside a cell attracts a large number of cations and…

Describe the signalling pathways downstream of the heterotrimeric G proteins Gs, Gi and Gq G-Proteins are one of the largest families of proteins in the body and are involved in many physiological pathways. G-proteins alter the levels of second messengers in the cell. Inactive G-proteins are always associated with the membrane. G-Proteins are heterotrimeric i.e. they have three different subunits: the largest sub unit, the alpha subunit (Gα); beta subunit (Gβ) and gamma subunit (Gγ). The Gβ and…

together as one is a basic dye and the other is an acidophilic dye. H&E staining is the method is the most common technique that is used during animal histology and routine pathology. When an animal cell is died the Nuclei, Ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum have a strong attraction for the dye due to their being a high number of DNA and RNA in the cells. On the other hand, Eosin, which is an acidic dye, stains the basic structured red or pink. Cytoplasmic proteins are basic therefor…

1) Centrioles are a paired feature of animal mitotic spindles that protrude away from the centrisome of cells and are primarily tasked with the creation of microtubules. The microtubules give way to mitotic spindles, which play a vital role in both mitosis and cytokinesis as they give cilia and flagellum the ability to generate motion and they ensure both newly formed cells contain paired centrioles during the later stages of cell division. Kinetochores are protein structures that produce…

Cancer is the second leading cause of deaths in the United States. There are many different types cancer therapies including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiation. There are also many different types of immunotherapy. These include Monoclonal antibodies, non-specific immunotherapies, oncolytic virus therapy, t-cell therapy, and cancer vaccines. In immunotherapy, the therapy uses the body’s immune system to fight the cancer cells. Certain immunotherapies can mark cancer cells so it is easier…

Introduction to Cell Biology – Unit 10193 – Chloe Barrett This essay discusses the difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, two types of specialised eukaryotic cell, and the relation of the structure of cell membranes to their function of moving substances in and out of cells. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells are two very different, but also very similar cells. There are many differences between them that can help to associate between each one. Eukaryotes are any organism that…

Module 1 Essay Cells are the smallest, most basic unit of life. Cells are diverse in size and shape and the sheer number of them. Scientists make the distinction that there are two classes of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are similar yet very different. But in addition to the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, we have viruses—they are not regarded as life in the scientific community, however, they are important because they infect those which have life (i.e…

Name of disease and locus: Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR; 602421). The gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 at position 31.2. There are 5 different mutations of this gene that can cause cystic fibrosis. Frequency: 1 in 2500 newborn infants are born with cystic fibrosis. In 2013 just over 10,000 people were recorded to have cystic fibrosis in the UK. The most common mutation of the CFTR gene is…

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the body’s own immune system erroneously attacks the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans located in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in a high level of glucose in the blood. Insulin is needed to transport blood glucose (sugar) into cells. The sugar is then stored in the cells and used later for energy. “In these duties, insulin acts as a regulator of gene transcription” (Cox, 688). When beta cells produce too little or,…