Endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus, contain internal membranes and a cytoskeleton are known to be Eukaryotes. Similarly plant and animal cells can be classified into eukaryotic cells. Both organisms contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Furthermore they also contain…

Domain: Eukarya Giant Pandas belong in this domain as they are composed of eukaryotic cells that have a specific task or function in the body. They are larger cells that possess membrane- bound nucleus and membranous organelles (including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria). Like a prokaryotic cell, they also possess a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes. Aksi giant pandas perform cell division through mitosis and reproduce sexually through meiosis.…

gene although its protein functions and mechanisms are not well understood. The WFS1 gene codes for a protein called wolframin which is expressed in the heart, placenta, lung and brain –playing a vital role as it maintains homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum of the pancreatic…

Function of potyvirus proteins The Potyviruses genome contains one open reading frame (ORF) which is translated as a large polyprotein (between 340k and 368k), that is cleaved into 10 functional proteins (Riechmann et al., 1992) such as: Protein P1, HC-Pro, P3 protein, CI, NIa , NIb, 6K1, 6K2, VPg. The potyviral P1 protein is a serine protease that cleaves at its own C-terminus (Verchot et al., 1991). This is the most divergent potyviral protein in size (30-63 kDa) and sequence except protease…

When there are genetic mutations that affect the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the outcome. CF was recently linked to CFTR defects, which is a major gene, found on the seventh chromosome. Cystic Fibrosis is not only the most common disease among those of Caucasian decent, but it also happens to be the most deadly inherited disease that affects more often Caucasian Americans. In the United States one in twenty among Caucasians are…

Structure and Functional Differences and Similarities of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes All living organisms are made up of cells. Different types of organisms require different cellular structures to function properly. Eukaryotes are structurally more complex than prokaryotes. While prokaryotes don’t have any membrane-bound organelles in common with eukaryotes, prokaryotes do have some non-membrane-bound components in common with eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are made of several key organelles whose…

Movement of cells are important since some cells depends on movement to carry out its major function. For example, sperm cells need to move from one place to another place to carry out reproduction. Movement of cells are supported by cytoskeleton system of the cells. The cyctoskeleton system are composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. However, for unicellular organisms such as Paramecium, the movement of cells are regulated through cilia or flagella. Cilia can be…

and each axon synapses with 1 000 to over 10 000 neurons. Each axon has a cytoplasm called an axoplasm, which contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It cannot create proteins because it has no rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a plasma axolemma (cell membrane) of neuroglia or interstitial fluid surrounds the entire axon to protect it. In a multipolar neuron, the axons’s base is attached to the soma at a thickened cone-shaped region called the axon…

the evolutionary time that has occurred. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are in a class of proteins called molecular chaperones. (Kiang, J.; G, Tsokos. 1998). They are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, in the cytosol, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. In humans they have a relatively long half-life of about 2 days (Baneyx, F. 2008). HSP70 are a specific type which are normally found in very low amounts within a cell, they can be expressed in response to external stimuli…

The central nervous system, which is responsible for coordinating response to stimuli in all Eumatozoans and processing all the information obtained from all the distinct parts of the body, is made up two types of specialised cells known as the nerve cells (neurons) and the glial cells (support cells). A neuron is defined by Martini as a “cell in neural tissue that is specialized for intercellular communication through changes in membrane potential and synaptic connections” [5] where as a glial…