Endoplasmic reticulum

components into surrounding tissue (121). Key players that help mediate necrosis include ROS, Calcium ions, poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP), and lysosomal proteases (888). PARP is an enzyme that is responsible for repairing DNA damage, such as strand breaks. Cells that have undergone a traumatic cellular insult typically have damaged DNA. PARP will deplete cellular ATP in an attempt to repair the massive damage to DNA. Several proteases are activated by increased cellular calcium ion…

Insulin, one of the most important peptide hormone in the body, which plays significant role in maintaining the blood glucose level in the body. Under certain physiological conditions such as pregnancy, the body mechanism changes due to elevated levels of certain secretory factor like leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF-α, plasminogen activator and testosterone (McLachlan et al., 2006), which produces certain adverse effects, insulin resistance being the most prominent one, where the…

One sunny day,Angelica and her friend Altasia decided to take a walk in Centennial Park. All of sudden, they noticed a black cloud approaching their way. Moments later, it began raining real hard then came a large whirl wind that swept them off their feet. Angelica and Altasia was no longer in Centennial Park. Instead they were in a mysterious place they never been before. They were in a field of talking plants. They decided to take a stroll in the field to see if they can find their way home.…

substance within the cell membrane containing water, enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. • Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - extensive network of membranes composed of both regions with ribosomes (rough ER) and regions without ribosomes (smooth ER). • Golgi Complex - responsible for manufacturing, storing and shipping certain cellular products. •…

A virus is a very small pathogenic antigen that requires a host cell to replicate to cause harm. The virus can attach itself to several kinds of living host such as plants, animals, bacteria and archaea. Although there is some exception, virus is very specific when it comes to appending a host. Animal virus only affects animals, same goes with archaea, bacteria and plant viruses. One specific virus that is endemic to countries near the equator is the dengue virus. DENV or dengue virus, is…

1. Why is the cell theory significant (don’t just state the tenets, explain what it means and why it is a theory)? The cell theory is significant because of it’s three basic ideals or principles. The first is that all organisms are made from cells. This means that cells are the building blocks of life and technically, all of life is connected and related to each other by this tenet. In addition, by researching and examine one type of cell, the results can be assumed for all similar types of…

(BBB) into the central nervous system. From here DMT enters synaptic vesicles through serotonin transporters (SERT), via vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), for up to seven days. Sigma-1 receptors are located in-side the presynaptic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which regulates calcium ion flow lead-ing to change of gradients in sodium and po-tassium channels with its binding. This caus-es a signal transduction by depolarizing and hyperpolarization triggering an action poten-tial to move…

macromolecules via hydrolysis reactions (insertion of a water molecule that breaks intramolecular bonds). Enzymes include; proteases, ribonucleases, deoxyribonucleases – all defined as hydrolases. Such enzymes are synthesised at ribosomes found on endoplasmic reticulum, and are packaged into vesicles that bud from the Trans…

Abstract Introduction A 2-year and 7-month-old girl is undergoing several treatments to attenuate the effects of type 2 Gaucher disease on her health. She has been diagnosed with type 2 Gaucher disease since she was three months old and several symptoms have appeared during that short lap of time. Case presentation In a type 2 Gaucher disease patient, the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase undergoes mutation and is therefore unable to break down glucocerebroside into ceramide and glucose.…

For example, C terminus of SUR1 has anterograde signal composed in part of leucine and phenylalanine which is required for the assembled channel to exist endoplasmic reticulum. Deletion of amino acids including phenylalanine reduces surface expression of KATP channels on the plasma membrane (Ashcroft, 2005). Another mutation that cause abnormal trafficking and is also common in the Ashkenazi population is the deletion…