Endocrine gland

thyroid gland. It contains iodine and is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. The function of thyroxine is to control development, maturation and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for physical and mental development. Tyrosine is the inactive form, and most of it is converted to an active formed called triiodothyronine. The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by a feedback loop system which involved the hypothalamus and the pituitary and thyroid glands. The…

how mammary glands and immune system are interconnected. It is a very interesting theme because the evolution of mammary glands originates from ancient times, when they have been presented in the form of immune protective glands. At that time, they acted bactericidal effect on an organism to fight with various infections. Precisely, in response to these processes, lactation became as a response to inflammatory reactions. That fact that mammary glands may be evolved from inflamed glands is not so…

recruited from the cohort of consecutive patients referred to the Combined Head and Neck Clinic (CHNC) at a large tertiary hospital in Brisbane between September 2013 and November 2014. For inclusion, all patients had to have at least one parotid gland affected by either primary, metastatic or recurrent disease, and were planned to receive either definitive XRT or surgery with postoperative XRT to a prescription dose of 60Gy or greater. Patients were excluded from the study if they were managed…

treatable skin condition, which affects individuals of all ages. It occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. Each pore on the skin is an opening to a follicle and attached to the follicle is a strand of hair and a sebaceous gland that produces and secretes sebum. The sebum is responsible for lubricating and softening the skin. Excess sebum production, accumulation of dead skin cells, and the increase of bacteria in the pores can contribute to the development of…

Albouy-Llaty et al (2016), and Florian et al (2016). Inoue-Choi et al (2016) were worried about whether or not the concentration of atrazine in public water supplies affects the risk of getting ovarian cancer in females. Because atrazine is an endocrine disruptor and ovaries are very hormone sensitive, they believed that atrazine may have an impact on the chance of contracting ovarian cancer (Inoue-Choi et al, 2016). Also, Florian et al (2016) noted that exposure to atrazine is highly correlated…

Many herbicides and pesticides are thought to be involved in teratogenic, or embryonic development disturbing, mechanisms. Therefore it is important to study the effects of these chemicals on humans and wildlife in the event of contact or contamination. Case-Control Study of Maternal Residential Atrazine Exposure and Male Genital Malformations by Agopian in 2012 is one study that examines an herbicide, atrazine, in relation to birth defects of male genital development. Atrazine is one of the…

In the hypothalamus, there is a neural circuit known as the melanocortin system, which includes two populations of neuron located in the arcuate nucleus, that express the proopiomelanocortin propeptide (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). POMC propeptide is the precursor to the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α, β, and γ-MSH) (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The melanocortin system plays a significant role in controlling feeding and body weight…

5-Triiodothyronine (T3), is one of four thyroid hormones that exhibit biological activity, and contains 3 iodines and 2 tyrosine’s, as seen in Fig. 1. 20 % of T3 is formed from the amino acid tyrosine within specific follicle cells of the thyroid gland by the oxidative condensation of its biological precursors, monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine, and is then subsequently secreted into the bloodstream. The remaining 80% is produced from the conversion of thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3)…

Endocrine disruptors is the given name for a group of chemicals that, at certain doses, can interfere with the hormone system within mammals as well as fish and amphibians. They can be naturally occurring chemicals e.g. Arsenic, or manmade chemicals e.g. hormonally active substances excreted by humans using certain pharmaceutical products, as well as a number of chemicals derived from everyday cosmetics, plastics and personal care products. These disruptors can lead to a variety of debilating…

The Controversy behind Endocrine Disruptors Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can cause an individual’s endocrine, neurological or immune system to not function properly. Many chemicals have been deemed endocrine disruptors but are still used heavily today. They can be seen in things such as, plastics, cosmetics and pesticides among other products. Whether or not the benefits that using certain compounds affords us is worth the damage they can potentially cause is the basis for the…