Endochondral ossification

Endochondral Ossification All osteogenic tissue from the neck down is made by endochondral ossification, with the exception of the clavicles. The model that bone will eventually replace is composed of hyaline cartilage, the most common cartilage, this process tends to be more difficult than intramembranous ossification since all hyaline cartilage most be decomposed as bone tissue is created. Everything begins at the primary ossification center, which is located in the center of diaphysis of the long bone. What set the stage for this process is blood vessels that infiltrate the periosteum, or the covering of the surface of hyaline cartilage composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and vascularize it. The increase in nutrients resulting from near blood vessels cause mesenchymal cells, stems cells of connective tissue, to differentiate, or change into different cells call osteoblasts. Then, the hyaline cartilage model begins to develop a rough covering around the diaphysis of the long bone, the periosteal…

birth, including achondroplasia. Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism which is caused by “failure of endochondral ossification due to a fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutation” (Vajo, Francomano, Wilkin, 2000). Some of these dyplasias can potentially be detected on an ultrasound as early as 20 weeks. The measurements the doctors look for on the ultrasound is the length of the humerus or femur. If the length of either of these limbs is less than the fifth percentile it is highly…

body movement and stabilize joints. However, the ossification of bones where it shouldn’t be present can cause many difficulties in the body’s ability to perform natural movements. Fibrodysplasia Ossification Progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant disease in which the muscles, ligaments, and tendons progressively transform into bone (Kaplan, Nassau, & Shore, 2014). This formation of new bone forms outside the natural skeleton structure (See figure 2, Page 6), making this…

In mammals, longitudinal bone growth occurs at the growth plate by endochondral bone formation. The growth plate consists of three principal zones: resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic. The resting zone lies adjacent to the epiphyseal bone and contains infrequently dividing chondrocytes. The proliferative zone contains replicating chondrocytes arranged in columns parallel to the long axis of the bone. The proliferative chondrocytes located farthest from the resting zone stop replicating and…

Achondroplasia is a genetic pattern inherited in a dominant pattern. It has one mutated gene in each cell that has the ability to cause achondroplasia however in most cases it streams from having a mutation randomly occur in the FGFR3 gene later in life. FGFR3 protein has many versions, which are found in different areas of the body. Many of these proteins are found in the cells that forms bone. FGFR3 is believed to regulate bone growth. Age can effects the mutation, therefore someone who…

Osteoporosis Cameron Buss CNA 9/10 April Overview of Osteoporosis The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) defines osteoporosis as a disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced (iofbonehealth.org). No symptoms can be identified until a fracture happens. As we get older the minerals in our bones become less and less making them weaker and more brittle. When our bones become brittle they do not absorb as much stress and can cause them to break. As we age, our…

Intramembranous bone formation, also known as ossification, is how flat bones develop from mesenchyme tissue. In this method of bone formation, there are four major steps in the developing process. In the first step, the ossification center forms by osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are created from stem cells within the mesenchyme that specialize. In the second step the osteoblasts from the ossification center produce proteins make up the osteoid. After the osteoid if formed it will combine with…

Osteogenesis and the stages of bone development The early stages of bone development. Osteogenesis, also known as ossification, is the process in which bone forms. In the early stages, the ‘skeleton’ is made up of loose fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage, and are already in the shape of bones, these are the site where ossification will begin. This provides the foundation for subsequent ossification, starting in the 6th or 7th week of embryonic development. They will…

There are cases of human mutations in the gene IGF1 of the insulin-like growth factors in which ossification is inhibited early causing some bones not to form or growth impairment (Agrogiannis, Sifakis, Patsouris, & Konstantinidou, 2014). In this case however, it would be the opposite, meaning that the process was inhibited late, making the extra bone deposits form where Lobster Man has his exoskeleton. The spicules of bone placed in this area from overproduction could have gone on to form…

Abstract A bone fracture is one of the most common large organ injuries to occur to humans and animals alike. When a bone is fractured, a unique and thorough regeneration of tissue takes place to repair it. There are two types of ways that a bone fracture can be repaired: direct bone healing is when the bones are intervened and set into place to allow for repair, indirect bone healing is allowing the fracture to heal naturally without any intervention from a third party. This paper will review…