Electrostatics

In 1896, Henri Becquerel expanded the field of chemistry so nuclear changes would be included, after he discovered that uranium could disembogue radiation. Not very long after his discovery, Marie Curie began studying in the field of radiation, and completed most of the pioneering work on nuclear changes. Marie Curie discovered that radiation was related to the amount of radioactive element that is present, she also discovered that radiation was a property of atoms. Curie was the first woman to…

Effect of temperature on alkaline phosphatase activity | |Enzyme Activity | |Temp |(nmoles pNP.min-1.mL-1) | |((C) | | |25 |15.43 | |30 |16.83 | |37 |19.61 | |45 |24.11 | |60 |14.73…

conformation can be transferred from a form to another by just a few kcal/mol9. The primary DNA structure is connected by strong covalent bonds while the overall 3-D folding is determined by much weaker forces including hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. These weaker forces, being comparable in order of magnitude to the average kinetic energy of molecules at physiologically relevant temperatures, account for most of the molecular interplay, structural…

The manufacturing of pharmaceutical tablets involves several main steps including blending, granulation, drying and milling. Each step is known as a unit operation and will be outlined below. The ingredients to make a pharmaceutical tablet will include the active pharmaceutical ingredients [API], and may require a bulking or binding agent which allows the tablet to be sufficiently large for consumption and provides sufficient surface properties of the particles within the mixture to facilitate…

An insight in the biophysical properties of bio macromolecules Natural biopolymers such as nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates are essential for life as we see it today. It is incredible to think how this vast set of molecules that are in every living thing, from bacteria to human beings, are mostly made up by six elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus). These biopolymers have the properties to, from small monomers, build giant tridimensional structures with a…

The FTIR spectrum of PVA/CS nanofiber was shown in Fig. 1(a). The band at 3255.32 cm−1 was corresponded to -OH stretching and the peaks at 1025.6 and 1450.04 cm−1 for the -C-O band. The peaks at 3445.32 cm-1, 2965 cm-1, 1640.01cm-1, 1598.7 cm-1, and 1361 cm-1 are due to amine NH symmetric vibration, C-H vibration, deformation vibration of the absorbed water molecules, stretching vibration of amino group of chitosan and vibration of C-H, respectively. The peaks at 890.1 and 1100 cm-1 was…

Experiment 5 Title: Mayonnaise production Objective: To determine the type of food emulsion obtained by varying the mixture sequence Introduction: A most important field of emulsion technology is that involving food preparations. Some of the oldest emulsions known to man, for example, butter, salad dressings and so on are included in this group, while the applications of emulsion theory to the baking process and to therapeutic feeding represent modern developments. Probably the most instructive…

1.5. Enzyme-Polysaccharide Interactions Proteins and enzymes have become an integral part of many industrial processes as well as being applied both in cosmetics and in therapeutics. Due to advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering, mass production of protein and enzymes has become feasible. Use of enzymes is environmentally friendly as they catalyse reactions under mild conditions against polluting inorganic catalysts which works in the extremes of pH and temperature. However, this can…

Freezing point is the temperature for a particular compound where the liquid freezes to form a solid (Chemistry Dictionary). If salt is added to water, it freezes at lower temperatures. If there are fewer water molecules, then freezing occurs at a slower rate (Salt and the Freezing Point of Water). Pure water freezes at 0º Celsius, but water that is combined with salt will freeze at a temperature less than 0º Celsius (Oleson, Andrew and Daly, Terik). A solvent is something in which other things…

“Let the future tell the truth and evaluate each one according to his work and accomplishments. The present is theirs; the future, for which I really worked, is mine”- Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla was born on July 10th 1856, in what is now Croatia. His father was an Orthodox priest. His mother, had a knack for home craft tools and machinery. Tesla was the fourth of five children. He was such a genius that he could do integral calculus in his head and graduated with a four-year term in three years,…