Electrophilic aromatic substitution

Nucleophilic substitutions are a fundamental class of reactions in organic chemistry. This type of reaction involves a nucleophile, or an electron rich species, attacking an electrophilic site, or an area that carries a positive or partially positive charge, in order to replace a leaving group. There are two possible mechanisms to account for the attack of the nucleophile; the first occurs in a concerted process, or in one step and the second mechanism occurs in two steps and involves a…

two types of reaction within the alkyl halides. When another atom replaces the halide ion, the reaction becomes a substitution reaction, and when the halide ion leaves with another atom or ion, it becomes an elimination reaction (Weldegirma, 2015). The substitution reaction can be divided into either electrophilic substitution or nucleophilic substitution. In the nucleophilic substitution, the substituent is electron rich and provides the electron pair for bonding with the substrate (Abdullah et…

The experiment outlined by this lab report demonstrated the idea of synthesizing tert-butyl chloride through an SN1 reaction. The SN1 reaction took place with a polar protic solvent taking the place of the leaving group (alcohol) and creating a new replacement bond with the carbocation to form a tertiary chloride structure. The product was then tested for this structure by reacting it with two substances: sodium iodide and silver nitrate. These tests were to demonstrate that if the product…

Magnesium ion is required for generating Ser102 nucleophile Stec et al. suggested a reaction mechanism involving three metal ions, which is modified from the two metal ion catalysis theory proposed by Kim and Wyckoff (16). As mentioned, Ser102 acts as a nucleophile and facilitates the departure of an alcohol group during the first step of this reaction. In order for this occur, Ser102 has to be deprotonated. X-ray crystallography has been used to examine the mechanism of alkaline phosphatase.…

Since the dawn of sending and receiving messages, people have had a need for keeping the information they send out to remain private and out of the hands of others. This need for security is the reason the field of cryptography was developed, from its early stages of moving letters around in words to the present use of computer programming to keep certain data safe. Cryptography is the reason we can securely use many day to day applications, but with all these developments come issues of…

Nucleophilic substitution Nucleophilic substitution reaction is that in which attacking nucleophile replaces a leaving group. Attacking nucleophile: specie with an electron free pair or negative charge and ability to replace already present nucleophile i.e OH- Leaving group: A specie with electron deficiency or positive charge, negative charge i.e Cl- What is SN1 Reaction:- SN1 indicates the unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions. Their rate determining step of the mechanism depends…

Nucleophilic Substitution: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Alkyl Halide Classification Tests INTRODUCTION The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the conversion of a primary alcohol to 1-bromobutance with the Sn2 mechanism using sodium bromide and then to characterize the compound with two different alkyl halide tests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution involves chemical reactions where a neutral molecule or an anion called a nucleophile substitutes a…

6. If t-butyl bromide was used as a substrate instead of t-butyl chloride the reaction rate would stay the same. The mechanism will still be SN1 reaction for the same reasons as t-butyl chloride. Such as, t-butyl bromide is tertiary alkyl halide like t-butyl chloride which will also favors SN1 reaction when reacted with water, a weak nucleophile. It will also form 30 carbocation which are more stable in SN1 reaction mechanisms as having more R groups (CH3 in this experiment) on the carbon with…

Determination of Most Advantageous Sequestering Agent By: Kayla Jeeter and Ashley Driscoll Chemistry 112-508 Abstract The creation and execution of this project served to determine what material is a better sequestering agent of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are found in Texas’ water. Charcoal is currently the most typical agent used to sequester PAHs. In this experiment, two different Bentonite clays (zeolites) were synthesized, one magnetized and one not, to determine if…

economic and environmental coastal ecosystem services at local, regional and global scales human society must elevate and integrate this multilevel task into their governance. Impact of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Bioavailable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons discussed how a lethal explosion at the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig located near the Louisiana coast led to the largest marine oil spill in United States history. This study communicated that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill…