Electron

molecules exist through Brownian motion. Albert was one who experimented the photoelectric effect in which he established that light has both a wave and a particle. Light particles were called quanta that had a certain amount of energy that release electrons from metals. Albert proved that whatever speed we are moving at it measures out to be 300 million meters per second in a vacuum. Which then proved that time passes slower…

increasing amount of Si. Fig. 5 is a 2-dimensional representation of the ELF for Ti 3 (Si x Al 1−x )C 2 on the (100) plane [32]. The ELF represents the sum of squares of the wave function, which corresponds to the number of electrons. ELF is suitable for the observation of electrons in real space, which corresponds to chemical bonding of each…

fascinating over last few decades. A simple methoxyphenol is found to be most appropriate precursor for generating wide range of complex cyclic and acyclic architectures. Several chemical1-5 and electrochemical methods6 have been used for the umpolung of electron-rich nucleophilic 2-methoxyphenols and 4-methoxyphenols to electrophilic intermediates through oxidative dearomatization7 in presence of alcoholic solvents. These linearly conjugated cyclohexadienones generated from the oxidative…

Superfluid helium or He II is a macroscopic quantum fluid that exhibits extraordinary properties. %By applying the limit of low flow velocities, The behavior of the fluid can be understood using a Landau - Tisza model, where He II is considered to be a two-component fluid with independent velocity fields: the inviscid superfluid of density $\rho_s$, and the normal fluid of density $\rho_n$, where the total density $\rho$ = $\rho_s$ + $\rho_n$ \cite{Tisza,Landau}. The superfluid has neither…

more energy from the accelerating voltage. The accelerated particles may be used to bombard suitable target materials to produce radioisotopes. Modern cyclotrons accelerate negative ions towards the outer edge of the chamber stripping the excess electrons off the ions to form positive particles such as a proton which can then be extracted from the cyclotron as a beam. The energy attained by the particle is determined by the size of the vacuum…

C-H bonds are considered nonpolar. This is because the electronegativity of C is 2.5 and the of H is 2.1, putting their electronegativity in the nonpolar range. O-H bonds are more polar than N-H bonds. This is because the O-H bond is more electronegative because the electronegativity of O is 3.44 while the electronegativity of N is only 3.04. I2(s) → I2(l) London Dispersion Forces H2O(s) → H2O(l) London Dispersion Dipole-Dipole Hydrogen Bonding NaI(s) → NaI(l) Ionic bonds C16H32(s) →…

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The study of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) draws from two well known branches of physics, electrodynamics and hydrodynamics.The basic laws of electrodynamics described in the form of Maxwell’s Equations where The hydrodynamics of a fluid is expressed in the form of conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy.The magnetohydrodynamic phenomena are a consequence of the mutual interaction of the fluid flow and the magnetic field. As is well…

Fig: Schematic representation of LHC and it's detectors The primary objective of LHC is to answer the following questions: 1. Why some particles are heavier than others? If the Higgs mechanism is valid? 2. If the super-symmetry theory is valid? If yes then if super-symmetric particles exist? 3. If the concept of dark matter and dark energy correct? 4. Why our universe is made up of matter only? 5. What was the state of matter in the early universe? 6. What will be the properties…

Chemistry, oh chemistry! Chemistry is an interstmig subject. Withourt it we would not know many of the thigns we do today. However, with chemistry comes a lot of studying and hard work. There are three bonds in chemistry ionic, covalent, and hydrogen. Do not ask me why they named them this because I am unble to tell you this. However I can tell you that SCl2 is an ionic bond and NaCl is a covalent bond. Well, that is that the atoms in them form those types of bonds. Hard to belive I know, but…

Electrochromism is the reversible change in optical properties when a material is electrochemically oxidized or reduced[6] and can be simply represented by Equation (1), where M+ can be H+, Li+, Na+ or K+ , 0 < x < 1, and e- are denoting electrons.[2] (transparent) WO3 + xM+ + xe- ↔ 2 MxWO3 (deep blue) ------------- Equation (1) An electrochromic system consists of an ion-containing material (electrolyte) that is of close proximity to the electrochromic layer and the transparent layers…