Electron

Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces are the result of attractive or repulsive forces between atoms, molecules or ions, primarily as a result of electrostatic attractions; these forces act between discrete molecules. Intermolecular forces are weak forces but without them life as we know it would not be possible: water vapor would not condense into its liquid (or solid forms) if its molecules did not attract each other, and all matter, in fact, would exist as gases. The physical states…

X-Rays Development of the X-Ray In 1895, a mechanical engineer and physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen created the X-ray. He was born on March 27, 1845 in Germany. So in 1895, Roentgen was playing around with a cathode ray tube and evacuated all the air inside of it and replaced it with another special gas. Then, he covered the tube so nothing escapes it, passed a current through it, and then the tube produced a fluorescent glow. After further investigations, Roentgen wanted to see how strong this…

’s model, Ernest proposed his own idea. His idea was that all of the positive charge and all of the mass of the atom occupies a rather small volume at the direct center of the atom. Also the most volume of the atom was from the empty spaces that electrons were found in. Another person who takes place in changing the history of atoms is Francis Aston. Aston was the first to study isotopes. He noticed that there are hydrogen atoms with mass numbers of 2 and 3 instead of the normal 1. James…

the nucleus, the nucleus contains the protons, which have a positive electric charge, along with the neutrons, which have a neutral charge and is slightly heavier in mass when compared to a proton. Along the outer rings of the atom the electrons orbit, the electrons have a negative electric charge, as well as the smallest mass out of the three. “The nuclear forces” is a common name used to describe the connection between the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Nuclear stability is the stability…

bond, two non-metals of similar electro negativities come together to share electrons with each other. These electrons come from the outer-valence shells, and are shared in a way so that both electrons can have satisfactory shells, following the octet rule, where the shells are filled and most stable, like the configuration of a noble gas. Ionic bonds are found between two molecules, where one of the molecule gives electrons, whereas the other molecule receives them. This results in…

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT): The VBT has two most serious limitations that electrons in molecules are treated as though they are localised and behave almost as they did in isolated atoms. This means that the VBT retains the individuality of the atoms composing molecule. The problem can be resolved by introducing the resonance theory, but with the loss of the original valence bond model. Hund[ 173], Mulliken[ 174], Van Vleck[175], Helsenberg[176], Jones[ 177] and others suggested an alternate…

hinders the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to molecule. This is because the electrons are tightly bond to the atoms leaving no space for there to be any free electrons to transmit electrical energy. Examples of insulators are glass, rubber, wood and paper. Conductor is an object or type of material that can transmit heat, sound, light or electricity. It does this by allowing electrons to flow freely from particle to particle. This is because the electrons can detach from…

electricity to the audience by showing how it affects us, and how we depend on it in everyday life. The passage proceeds to explain atoms and what their relationship to electricity is. It continues to talk about electrons and atoms, and describes how within the atoms are electrons, and when the electrons move between the atoms, a current of electricity is created. A description of an experiment the passage used was describing how the chain was similar to the fire fighter’s bucket brigades in…

large images of small objects that cannot be observed by the human naked eye. There are two types of light microscopes: compound microscope and Electron microscope. Light microscopes are divided into two categories: Compound microscopes and Stereoscope microscopes. Electron microscope functions in the following way; a stream of electrons emitted from an electron source built in the microscope, the obtained image is in black and white. The stereoscope microscope functions by reflected light. The…

The color a flame turns when burning a chemical compound depends on the metal ions the compound’s elements contain. What causes color to be shown is the excitement of electrons in an atom when heated, which makes them jump to a higher energy level. As the electrons begin to return to their original energy level, energy is released as light, coloring the flame (“Flame Tests”, 2005). And as energy increases, frequency increases, but wavelength decreases. The color each chemical turns the flame…