Electron

chemistry. Frontier orbitals are the predominant force that determines reactivity within a molecule and can be chemically composed to meet certain requirements. The best corrosion inhibitors typically have electron-rich functional groups such as nitrogen, oxygen, or aromatic rings that can donate electron density and adsorb readily to the metal surface7. Knowing these facts, it is possible to design a good polymeric corrosion…

“Steel plates are commonly attached to each other with rivets, which are slipped into holes in the plates and rounded over with hammers. The hotness of the rivets makes them easier to round over, but their hotness has another important advantage in providing a tight fit. What is it? Explain why.” This relates to one of the characteristics of heat, in that heated objects expand, then contract when the temperature decreases, since the molecules move faster in heat and slow in the cold. The hot…

we know them as electrons today. Thomson discovered that electrons are negatively charged, that they are much smaller and have less mass than atoms, and that they are uniformly present in many different types of substances. With this new discovery, the question of a balancing positive charge arose. Atoms are known to be charge-neutral, so it was believed that they must contain a positive charge that balanced the negative charge of the electron. Thomson proposed that the electrons, which are…

of two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings attached to opposite sides of iron. The “η5” hapticity indicates that five atoms from the Cp ligand are coordinating to the iron ion. The iron contributes six electrons with it’s oxidation state of 2+, and the Cp rings each contribute six electrons. Thus, the total electron count of…

up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, while the electrons stay far apart from each other, and revolve around the center. This is called the Bohr model, made by Neil Bohr in 1913. Neil Bohr was born on October 7th 1885. His father was a physicist and Neil graduated from Cambridge in 1911. His studies were theoretical, and the following year he worked in a laboratory in Manchester. It…

of the planets. This model represents the electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Each of these orbits has a specific number of electrons that correlate to the different energy levels. In the modern model of the atom there are four different orbitals, which are named the “s”, “p”, “d”, and “f”…

formed by the transfer of electrons. Normally, ionic solids are brittle. The bonding of sodium and chlorine is shown below. Metallic Bonding The bonding of metal to metal atoms is called metallic bonding. It occurs between two or more metal cations. In fact, metal atom will lose valence electrons when forming compounds. Every metal atoms share their electrons with the others, therefore producing a mobile electron cloud. Valence electrons are that can participate…

Free radicals are molecules that have at least one unpaired electron. They are typically very reactive, due to their odd number of electrons. These molecules tend to try and gain or lose electrons so their highest energy levels can be filled. They will bond with other compounds in the body, sometimes combining with them, or even taking parts of intact molecules, resulting in even more free radicals (Walling). Free radicals can be formed by natural body processes, such as metabolism. They…

and electrons. Germanium’s atomic mass is 72.64, this is the amount of mass in each atom that’s in Germanium. The atomic number for Germanium is 32, which represents where the element is placed on the periodic table and the amount of protons/electrons in each atom that’s in the element. The amount of protons in each atom is the same amount of electrons in each atom. Protons are the positive charges and electrons are the negative charges. Germanium has 32 protons in each atom and 32 electrons in…

the most promising TiO2 based materials for photocatalytic applications, which is able to harvest a significant amount of solar light. It has not only influences the optical properties, photoreactivity, charge recombination rates, and interfacial electron transfer rates, but also improves the physical properties of TiO2 such as the size of the…