Electron transport chain

A large portion of the book Alice in Quantumland tries to help Alice make sense of wave interference. The Classical Mechanic leads Alice to a place referred to as the gedanken room, meaning the thinking room. In said room, anything that one thinks appears as substance, making it possible to perform quantum experiments. The Classical Mechanical then proceeds to explain interference by a simple definition to Alice. “Interference is something that happens with waves. You can have all kinds of waves…

In order to know more about nitrate, we actually must understand what a polyatomic ion is. A polyatomic is an ion which consist of molecules, thus, it may also be referred as a molecular ion. Two or more atoms covalently bond or share electron pairs with each other to make up a polyatomic ion. Once they have bonded, they become considered as a whole single ion. Moreover, it is known to have a charge, most polyatomic ions have a negative charge but there is an exception with a positive charge. In…

He was able to find the charge of an electron with an experiment involving passing oil through an electrically charged plate with a hole in the center. Using this newfound charge and the determined mass-to-charge value of an electron, “you obtain an electron mass of 9.109 x 10-31 kg, which is more than 1800 times smaller that the lightest atom” (Ebbing and Gammon, 47). Some years later, in 1911,…

Ultrafast Electron Microscopy has been demonstrated to be an effective table-top technique for imaging the temporally-evolving dynamics of matter with subparticle spatial resolution on the time scale of atomic motion. A stringent enhancement of the UEM temporal resolution is demanded for recording snapshots of the electron motion which will provide a real-time access to all microscopic motions outside the atomic core and radically change our insight into the workings of the microcosm. Here, we…

had the highest E/GPa value of 212.77 E/GPa compared with all the other materials used. Steel is a metal, so it is made up of metallic bonds, which means that the element largely consists of positive ions (positive charge) and delocalized electrons (free electrons of negative charge), the repulsion is balanced within the atom, a main reason to why metals are non-reactive to other elements. However one disadvantage of the using steel is because it consists of iron atoms. Iron is reactive to…

oxygen it makes a covalent bond. A covalent bond relates to the outer shell of electrons (valence shell) being shared with the neighbouring molecule for them to bond. A covalent bond only occurs between two non-metals, the molecules share electrons to achieve full valence shells for the molecule to be stable. In the case of water the two hydrogens and one oxygen share electrons to get the hydrogen molecules with two electrons in their outer shells and…

that statement in itself may not seem impressive, the atomic number of fluorine officially describes the nine units of positive charge, called protons, that correspond with nine units of negatively charged electrons. The electrons alone allow fluorine its embellishment, but the protons and electrons together provide stability for fluorine through the creation of neutral atoms. Because fluorine typically exists as a diatomic molecule (or a grouping of only two atoms that form a gaseous…

In 1964 a physicist by the name of Peter Higgs took some ideas that were floating around at the time, added an insight or two of his own, and proposed that there was an energy field that permeated the entire universe. This energy field is now called the Higgs filed. The reason he proposed this field was that nobody understood why some subatomic particles had a great deal of mass, while others had little and some had none at all. The energy filed that Higgs proposed would interact with the…

First ionisation energy- The first ionisation energy is the energy to remove electrons that are unstable from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to gain 1 mole of gaseous ions with a positively charge (1+) As you go down a group, the energy decreases from the top to the bottom due to the shielding effect. When there are a lot of electrons shielding the outer electron shell from the nucleus, energy is less needed to expel an electron from an atom. Fluorine has the most ionization energy and Caesium with the…

The history of piezoelectricity evolution is over 120 years which was discovered by brothers Curie in 1880. They were Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Jacques Curie (1855-1941). During the study of the generation surface electrical charge by applying pressure on some material, they found out an unusual phenomenon which was a voltage of opposite polarity was generated by pressure was applied on the crystalline minerals such as quartz. The amplitude of the generated voltage was proportional to the…