Electron configuration

Electron motion in atomic systems, which happens on timescales of attoseconds, is at the heart of all phenomena in nature (except for nuclear processes). Electron motion is responsible for the emission of light and photosynthesis in plants. Electron motion across biological molecules transports information in our nerves and is involved in processing this information in our brains. Moreover, the valence electrons are responsible for binding atoms to form molecules. The structural change of…

How does an electric charge power a machine or make lights light up? The answer to all these questions begin with the basic building blocks of matter, the atom. Atoms are extremely tiny objects that are composed of even smaller particles: protons, electrons,…

we know them as electrons today. Thomson discovered that electrons are negatively charged, that they are much smaller and have less mass than atoms, and that they are uniformly present in many different types of substances. With this new discovery, the question of a balancing positive charge arose. Atoms are known to be charge-neutral, so it was believed that they must contain a positive charge that balanced the negative charge of the electron. Thomson proposed that the electrons, which are…

Critical assessment of the article: Quantitative analysis by Auger Electron Spectroscopy 1 Introduction When the outer electron fills the vacancy left by an ionized electron in the inner shell, the released energy can be passed to another outer electron that causes further emitting of an electron with characteristic energy, this is the basic principle of the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) [1]. Nowadays, AES is almost an indispensable tool in nanoscience research for its high surface…

Heat conduction mechanism represents the energy loss at the particle surface due to the collisions with the surrounding gas molecules. There is no simple theory to explain the cooling mechanism of the particles. During the laser pulse, the particle achieves the peak temperature and emit thermal signal. After the laser pulse duration, the particle starts to cool down. The cooling of the particles is characterized by a decay function. The decay of LII signal provides information about the primary…

In the 1800s, chemist Michael Faraday discovered that water could be decomposed in an electrolytic solution into its elements. This discovery was made through the use of an electric current in a process now known as electrolysis. This was the first systematic study of electrolytic solutions (Lower, n.d.). Faraday observed that two requirements must be met in order for a sample of matter to be an electrical conductor. The first requirement is that the sample must contain electrically charged…

and electrons. Germanium’s atomic mass is 72.64, this is the amount of mass in each atom that’s in Germanium. The atomic number for Germanium is 32, which represents where the element is placed on the periodic table and the amount of protons/electrons in each atom that’s in the element. The amount of protons in each atom is the same amount of electrons in each atom. Protons are the positive charges and electrons are the negative charges. Germanium has 32 protons in each atom and 32 electrons in…

1a) Yes, there is a correlation between the structures and the observed volatilities of compounds in Step (1a) and Step (1b). In Step (1a), n-pentane had the highest vapor pressure because the compound evaporated the fastest. N-heptane had the second highest vapor pressure, followed by n-decane with the lowest vapor pressure. The molecular structure correlates with the volatility because of the molecular weight for each compound. N-pentane is the lightest compound, followed by n-heptane and…

electricity to the audience by showing how it affects us, and how we depend on it in everyday life. The passage proceeds to explain atoms and what their relationship to electricity is. It continues to talk about electrons and atoms, and describes how within the atoms are electrons, and when the electrons move between the atoms, a current of electricity is created. A description of an experiment the passage used was describing how the chain was similar to the fire fighter’s bucket brigades in…

in neutron number and therefore atomic weight classify these atoms as isotopes of the element Hydrogen. An ion is an atom with a charge due to changes in the number of electrons (negatively charged particles) in the atom. Ions that have lost electrons have a positive charge, and are called cations. Ions that have gained electrons have a negative charge, and are known as anions. Examples of…