Electromagnetic spectrum

visible and electron pulses takes place. The signature of this coupling can be revealed by measuring the electron energy spectrum using the electron energy spectrometer attached to the microscope. The measured electron spectrum is shown in blue line curve in Fig. 2A. The white reddish part of the spectrum represents the ZLP while the shaded blue part shows the gated electron spectrum. The temporal profile of the “original” ultrafast electron pulse…

Much of the ocean has still been unexplored, but the parts that we have explored have allowed us to see something nearly unbelievable for the first time: fish that naturally light up! In fact, many different types of creatures that live in the water light up: squid, eel, jellyfish, which can be seen to the right in figure one, and many various species of fish have the ability to do such. The ability, called bioluminescence, is defined as “ the emission of light from living organisms”, according…

During the microscope lab, my partner and I learned how to properly use a microscope, calculate the field of view, and view and prepare slides. Microscopes are instruments used to view very small objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye. We found that microscopes have many different parts to them, including the diaphragm, ocular lens, and objective lenses. There are three powers of magnification, scanning power (4x), low power (10x), and high power (40x). To find the total magnification,…

Scientists have the ability to determine the molarity and the contents of a substance by measuring the intensity of the light that is emitted through the solution. Scientists accomplish this by using the technique of spectroscopy; spectroscopy can be defined as the science affiliated with the spectra produced when matter interacts with light. Lab 7 investigation 19, “What Factors Affect the Intensity of Color?” expands on the process of spectroscopy, and its relation to the molarity of a…

Rosseland Radiation Model The Rosseland Model (Diffusion approximation model) is applicable when the medium is optically thick i.e. the optical thickness is much greater than 1 where a is the absorption coefficient of the medium, σ is the scattering coefficient of the medium and L is the average path length. The radiative heat flux is approximated as [3], (2.13) where qr is the radiative heat flux, Γ is the radiative diffusivity and G is the incident radiation. In contrast to the P-1 model…

Non – reciprocal device states that, the devices which are having the properties that the forward characteristics are not equal to the reverse characteristics (i.e. S12 ≠ S21). So, same antenna can be used for Transmission and Reception of Electromagnetic Waves. Antenna is a passive device, it does not amplify the signals, and it only directs the signal energy in a particular direction in reference with isotropic antenna. Antenna Beam width is the angular width measured at the half power points…

in energy between the two electrons. The detector placed on the energy dispersive spectroscope apparatus measures the number of emitted X-rays and their energies. Energy of the X-ray is characteristics of the element from which X-ray is emitted. A spectrum of the relative counts of the detected X-rays is obtained and evaluated for quantitative determinations of the elements present in the sample volume. In the present study, the surface morphology of the nanomaterials was obtained from SEM…

Acoustics is the branch of physics concerned with the study of sound. Sound is a wave made of vibrations in the air. Waves can be measured in a range of different ways: by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed, and, at times, their phase. Sound information is transmitted by the amplitude and frequency of the vibrations, where the amplitude is experienced as loudness and frequency as pitch. The vibration is started by some mechanical movement and this causes a vibration on the molecules…

Introduction A wave is a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space. Waves are caused by vibrations. There are two types of waves, transverse, and longitudinal waves. The moving particles in transverse waves travel at right angles to the direction of transverse. Some examples of transverse waves are light waves and radio waves. A longitudinal wave is also known as a compression wave. The moving particles move back and forth in the same direction as the wave.…

In 1905, independent Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung and American astronomer Henry Norris Russell gathered data of a star’s spectral type and there temperature. They plotted these data on graphs and discovered that many patterns emerged linking the mass of a star to its lifespan. From the noted trends and correlations they formed what is now known as the Hertzsprung Russell Diagram or commonly referred to as the HR Diagram. The HR Diagram is used as an important tool in the study of…