Electromagnetic spectrum

detector. In the X-ray tube highly accelerated electrons are directed towards the target material. Copper is the most common target material used. When these electrons are interacted with the target and characteristic X-rays are produced. This X-ray spectrum consists of several components. These X-rays are then collimated to get Kα1 and Kα2 radiations then directed towards the sample. When Bragg’s law is satisfied, the constructive interference occurs and its corresponding intensity peak is…

3.1. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS The project is an Arduino- based project and is based concerning radio frequency according to ship then get hold of the data. The RF transmitter and grantee each work at a 433 MHz to send then get hold of data. We will be adding the use of an ultrasonic, which measures the scale in conformity with an object, through the usage of echo waves. An LCD show choice is aged to show the statistics managed with the aid of the Arduino. The dictation is computerized therefore…

antennas for the propagation and reception of the signals. As we know that antenna emits electromagnetic waves in the space for the communication purposes. These two types of waves as depicted by the name Electro-Magnetic is a combination of electrical and magnetics fields. These two waves are mutually orthogonal i.e. oriented at an angle of 90o with each other. The general wave form is given as Fig: Electromagnetic Waves At the receiving side there is a problem that if we receive the…

Light is a rush of vibrating electric and attractive fields and is a part of the electromagnetic range. Electromagnetic waves go through space at the pace of light (299,792 km/sec). The energy of the radiation relies on upon its wavelength and recurrence. A wavelength is the separation between the highest points of the waves. The recurrence is the quantity…

2.5. Color Temperature Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in a variety of fields such as lighting, photography, videography, astrophysics, manufacturing and publishing. In generally the hues of light generated are either warm (yellowish) or cool (bluish) and measured in degrees of Kelvin (K) 2.5.1. Technical Definition The color temperature of a light source is defined as the color temperature of a black body radiator that radiates light of…

definition: • They are empirical mathematical formulation for the characterization of radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions. • These models predict the path loss (i.e. the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space or underground) of a transmitter and also the effective coverage area of transmitter. We know that when a signal travels from a wireless channel, it undergoes various types of Propagation Effects…

1.1 Overview: In antenna theory of analysis and design, the most forward looking topic is microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch antennas are made to have many different geometrical shapes and dimensions but among all the shapes of microstrip patch, four of them are most common than another that are square, rectangular, dipole and circular. They are employed in wide range of modern applications because of their easiness to design and compatibility with printed-circuit technology. The basic…

What is the photon detection efficiency (PDE) of a SiPM? Photon detection efficiency (PDE) refers to the probability that a photon arriving on the SiPM surface is detected, an initiates the process of current pulse generation. PDE is a function of the overvoltage ΔV across the terminals of the APD and wavelength λ of the incident photon. Photon detection efficiency is one of the most important characteristics of a SiPM. PDE is the product of three factors :- Geometrical fill factor (FF), Quantum…

A wave is a disturbance of energy. Sound and light are both disturbances in energy, and they both travel in the forms of waves. While sound travels in a longitudinal wave, light travels through a transverse wave. From a perspective of a human, sound and light on earth is very different compared to sound and light in space. These waves have differences in speed, form, shape, and other properties. Despite many of the differences, sound and light are very similar to each other. Light is a…

After extensive research, a man named James Clerk Maxwell found that one specific group of electromagnetic waves was the cause of visible light, or the cause of color. Maxwell also identified…