Electrical resistance

possess many virulence factors which are usually decided by their genetic makeup. Not many virulence determinants of bacteria are expressed phenotypically. Capsule is one such bacterial organelle which displays many functions that include adherence, resistance to immune clearance, protection against environmental factors and many others including the typing of bacteria based on their specific capsular antigen and rapid diagnosis of capsulated bacterial infections using monoclonal/polyclonal…

Cold sores : You have a cold sore that bums you out! What should and shouldn't you do now? First of all, you need to know that a cold sore is caused by the herpes virus and that there's fluid in the blisters. A cold sore can be annoying and painful, but is hardly ever harmful. The herpes virus will remain forever in your body though, and can get reactivated at a later time. That's why you can get a cold sore over and over again. There isn't any treatment to get the virus out of your body. So,…

“See if you can guess what I am now … I’m a zit. Get it?” - Bluto Background: The purpose of the antiseptic lab was to show the effectiveness of multiple antiseptics: hydrogen Peroxide, Purell hand sanitizer, Water and Iodine. The procedure of the lab for the first day involved our group acquiring a cotton swab and using the swab to gather the Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) bacteria from various spots around our face, we then grabbed a Petri dish filled only with a thin layer of agar. We…

During my clinical rotation at Palmetto Richland on the Acute Care for the Elderly unit there were several patients on contact precautions due primarily to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or high counts of gram-positive Escherichia coli bacterium (E. coli) in the urine and blood. A good example of best practice that I witnessed was the proper display and implementation of contact precautions around patients with multidrug-resistant organisms and bacteria (MDROs). If a patient…

The system produces a number of substances include cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) such as defensins, bacteriolytic enzymes such as lysozyme etc. The production of these substances ensures that the microorganisms are destroyed before they get an opportunity to cause infections [4]. However, S. aureus has developed mechanisms, which enhance the evasion of the host immune system. The host’s body produces effector proteins after microbial invasion; nevertheless, S. aureus produces molecules…

Introduction Anti-infective agents are classified as antiseptics and disinfectants. They kills or restrict the growth of micro-organism when applied to a living tissue or inanimate objects. An antiseptic when applied to a living tissue like skin it acts as a chemical compound that kills or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms. And the disinfectant is a chemical compound which prevents infection by the destruction of harmful micro-organisms. They reacts when they applied on an inert object…

Shay’s Rebellion “What country before ever existed without a rebellion?” In 1786, a group led by Daniel Shay protested taxes that were raised by 100%. They protested because they were not able to pay their taxes because they we not wealthy. This caused many farmers to be thrown in jail. As a result, 1,500 farmers broke into the government arsenal and steal weapons causing the local militia to kill 4 of the farmers. Although many people think shay and his followers are rebels, nevertheless they…

Dry eye syndrome is a common ocular condition, affects 6 - 34 % of the global adult population. It significantly reduces vision related quality of life (1). It is subdivided into two forms, aqueous-deficient (tear deficiency) and hyper evaporative (increased evaporation). However, mixed forms are common (2). It is an inflammatory disease that has many features in common with autoimmune disease. Stress to the ocular surface (environmental factors, infection, endogenous stress, antigens, genetic…

First Step Background In 2008, an investigation was launched by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC) to explore the causes of a Salmonella Agona outbreak that affected individuals in multiple states. Although 8 people were hospitalized as a result of an infection, no people died from the outbreak (Center for Disease and Prevention, 2008). This outbreak highlighted the ways in which CDC, FDA, and other governmental agencies collaborate to solve a…

A cow’s ability to avoid and fight infection largely depends on a range and strength of her defence which are collectively called immunity. Immunity includes: I. Physical barriers, such as skin, or a teat seals II. Chemical immunity, such as from antibodies and inflammatory substances III. Cells which actively seek and destroy pathogens Acquired immunity This is a delayed response second-line defence. It involves cells which either produce antibodies which neutralise the pathogen, or killer…