Electric charge

1. Derive the mathematical expression for the Lorentz transformation equation. relative orientation of the co-ordinate systems indicated in fig.2 A light-signal, which is proceeding along the positive axis of x, is transmitted according to the equation : x - ct = 0 _______ (1). Since the same light-signal has to be transmitted relative to K1 with the velocity c, the propagation relative to the system K1 will be represented by the analogous formula x' - ct' = 0 _______(2) therefore:…

Elements are made of a single type of atom, which cannot be broken down into anything smaller. Inside an atom are the subatomic particles protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral), and outside are the electrons (negatively charged) that orbit the atom in an electron cloud. When two or more atoms of an element or elements bond together, they form a compound. Depending on the type of elements, there are different kinds of bonds that could form. Ionic bonds form between the atoms of at…

“Youth advocates intend to petition lawmakers when they reconvene to limit prosecutors ' ability to charge teens as adults” (*Yvonne). Yes, This hurts teens cause theirs lives will be corrupted and all messed up after seeing the stuff they see in jail when they 're put in their cause their charged as adult so that will affect on what people say in we should charge teens as adults or not. However, The families of these teens Will be hurt because they have to see their teen go through…

positive charge and away from a negative charge. From this, Thomson determined that these little cathode rays (which we now call electrons) had negative charge. Thus, Thomson realized that the currently accepted model of an atom did not account for negatively or positively charged particles, leading to his suggestion of the Plum Pudding model. Thomson 's model of the atom did explain some of the electrical properties of the atom due to the electrons, but failed to recognize the positive charges…

There are two main processes as to how surface charges are created: isomophous substitution and dissociation of H+/OH-. An Isomophous substitution creates permanent charges that occur within tetrahedral and octahedral structural units in the clay minerals, via cation substitution. Cations are exchanged with cations of similar sizes but difference valencies. For example, where Al3+ is substituted by Si4+; this creates a net negative charge on one of the oxygen’s, because of the unpaired electron…

Introduction: Enzymes are biological molecules that act as a catalyst to significantly speed up the rate of the chemical reactions that take place within cells without being used up in the process. According to the website, www.ducksters.com, “enzymes are special types of proteins. Like all proteins, enzymes are made from strings of amino acids. The function of the enzyme is determined by the sequence of amino acids, types of amino acids, and the shape of the string.” Along with this we need to…

increasing with increasing amount of Si on the A site. This could be attributed to the charge density shown in Table 1. In particular, the substitution of Al with Si increases the total charge density of the A element atoms from 33.248 to 43.024. However, the total charge density of M and X element atoms does not change significantly, i.e. only from 45.72 to 45.192, and 105.024 to 103.776, respectively. The increased charge density makes the M-A bonds stronger, and thus harder to stretch. The…

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT): The VBT has two most serious limitations that electrons in molecules are treated as though they are localised and behave almost as they did in isolated atoms. This means that the VBT retains the individuality of the atoms composing molecule. The problem can be resolved by introducing the resonance theory, but with the loss of the original valence bond model. Hund[ 173], Mulliken[ 174], Van Vleck[175], Helsenberg[176], Jones[ 177] and others suggested an alternate…

An atomic model is a proposed idea of what an arrangement of an atom thought to look like. Many physicists such as Dalton Billiard, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Neil Bohr proposed these ideas and made models based on their own ideas. Out of these physicists, Ernest Rutherford’s planetary model is the most generally accepted atomic model. Ernest Rutherford is a New Zealand born son to a Scottish wheelwright and an English schoolteacher. He did well in school academically as a child and…

nickel cadmium batteries have a lower output capacity and higher discharge rate than lead acid batteries. However, the lead acid batteries have much lower recharge cycle life than nickel cadmium batteries. Nickel cadmium batteries have the ability to charge and discharge more times than lead acid batteries, “nickel-cadmium battery can be charged and discharged over twice as many times as a lead-acid battery”. The nominal voltage of the nickel cadmium batteries is 1.2V. However, the lead acid…