Eicosanoid

study done by Fritsch et al, did. In that study, three different foods were fed. One group received Food A, the second group received Food B, and the third group received Food C. Food A was considered the baseline food, and each food contained more fish oil respectively (Food C containing the most, and Food A containing the least). The difference in amount of EPA, DHA, and ALA between Food A and Food C were significant. Food A had .45 % EPA, .34% DHA, and 2.6% ALA while Food C had 1.6% EPA, 1.35% DHA, and 1.4% ALA. The increased levels of EPA and DHA and decreased level of ALA, and decreased amounts of omega-6 (including arachidonic acid) reduced the production of inflammatory factors (like eicosanoids). Plus, EPA and DHA act as inhibitors for the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids. The dogs used in the study had significantly improved weight bearing and decreased lameness. However, the dogs used for this study only had lameness in the hip or stifle in order to eliminate having to detect differences with both hind limb and forelimb function. Despite there still being a clear, significant difference with the increased amounts of fish oils, Fritsch et al reports that the results are still modest, but that could in part be due to subjective evaluations and the insensitivity of the scales/tools used to more objectively evaluate the condition of the dogs. As technology continues to advance, and more methods are discovered to more accurately and objectively evaluate the…

a. Compare levels of eicosanoids, endotoxins (eg, LPS), and exotoxins within the ‘contaminated’ tissues and replicate study with fresh PBS. Comparing inflammatory cytokine levels may also be beneficial; however, given that they are implicated in / linked to a number of processes and pathologies one needs to know which one in particular to look at. b. If I understand what is being asked here, generally speaking bacteria enters the body leading to the communication of visceral inflammatory…

Prostaglandins are one group of eicosanoids. They are unsaturated fatty acids derivatives that are involved in the contraction of smooth muscle, the control of homeostatic activities such as, inflammation and body temperature, and many more functions of the body. Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid. The formation of the both the arachidonic acid, then prostaglandin molecules begins with a stimulus to a cell, that activates a membrane enzyme called phospholipase A2. The arachidonic…

muscle contraction, sex hormones for reproduction, sleep, and much more. They can really dictate how chemicals in the body react. The major function of the endocrine system is to maintain the body’s homeostasis. There are three different types of hormones and they are amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives. Amino acid derivatives are related to amino acids and are associated with the hormone known as melatonin that is secreted by the pineal gland. Peptide hormones are…

They produce eicosanoid family inflammatory mediators. They then split up to either the lipoxygenase pathway or cyclooxygenase. The lipoxygenase produces leukotrienes while the cyclooxygenase produces prostaglandins and thromboxane. All help in inflammatory responses. Platelet-Activating Factor, or PAF, activates neutrophils and attracts eosinophils, additionally, starting platelet cluster formation. Furthermore, PAF can cause many different things if injected or inhaled, some examples are,…

How good is the omega-3 Lose weight, get fewer wrinkles and avoid damage! Other positive effects of omega-3 and take advantage of our tips on how you consume omega-3 diet. Sharpen brain All body cells are encapsulated behind a thin cell wall. Omega-3 fatty acids make the cell wall more smoothly, so that the cell can more easily receive and transmit signals from other brain cells. Inside the cell slides impulses easier. Lowers blood pressure Blood vessel walls become more elastic. When the…

From previous studies, fish oil omega-3 consumption is known to be associated with heart failure.(Mozaffarian et al.,2005; Teng et al.,2010) It has been reported that γ-linolenic acid had cardioprotective properties against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Chakrabarti et al .,(2001) Some hypotheses have been suggested to explain the mechanism responsible for the beneficial effect of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids. Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids could be mediated by the replacement of…

Alpha Linolinec acid (ALA), an omega 3 fatty acid is converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and then to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These are then converted to eicosanoids (hormone like compounds), which are involved in various physiological functions including vital organ function and intracellular activity. Good dietary sources include: Fish such as mackerel and salmon, linseed, soy beans, sesame seeds, avocados, rapeseed and some dark leafy green…

expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-2, which can modulates the cholesterol levels in plasma and tissues (Reena et al, 2011). The role of phytonutrients in correcting by abnormal pro-inflammatory signal transmissions mediated by NF-κB is documented. ROS activate NF-κB, which leads to the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible enzymes, such as COX-2 and iNOS in macrophages. The pro-inflammatory cytokines cause oxidative stress by promoting the release of…

Cyclooxygenases, also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases, are enzymes involved in prostanoid synthesis. Prostanoids, a subclass of eicosanoids, include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins. Generally speaking, prostaglandins are responsible for inflammatory reactions, thromboxanes are responsible for vasoconstriction, and prostacyclins are involved in the resolution phase of inflammation. Cyclooxygenase acts by adding two molecules of O2 to the middle of free fatty acid…