Duverger's law

Whether Duverger's law always holds true or not is a topic of great concern. Many scholars tried to find counterexamples in their attempt to neglect the "law": Benoit, Riker, Bale, W.M Dobell, Rae. Taking into consideration the new political realm, I believe that Duverger's law does not always hold true. Political science is a discipline characterized by uncertainty and therefore Duverger's claim that his finding is a law created controversy. Sartori (1968) suggested to replace the law by a "tendency law" and Rae (1971) presented a new version of the Duvergerian prediction: "plurality election rules bring about and maintain two-party competition except in countries where (1) third parties nationally are continually one of two parties locally,…

Further, Boersig (2012, p.244) states children in a police interview are substantially disadvantaged, due to their lack of maturity and inability to necessarily understand the process which they are undergoing, which has the potential to cause them to make false admissions or to breach their own rights, such as the right to silence or to prevent self-incrimination. This potentially leads to a power imbalance between them and any law enforcement officer that may be involved (Boersig 2012,…

To become a criminal lawyer there are certain criteria’s that must be met, like the education requirements, skills and personality traits associated with the position. One must complete an undergraduate degree from a 4-year university or college. Potential criminal lawyers may benefit from courses such as government, history, economics, public speaking and sociology, but these aren’t required to see how most 4-year institutions offer a pre law major. It is also very important that individuals…

they were told. The 1960s is when a union of women were formed and decided to take action to have equal rights not only for whites and blacks but for women as well. Shirley Chisholm was one of these women. In her “Equal Rights for Women” speech, she decided to speak out about acquiring equality for women by establishing an affirmative case for the Equal Rights Amendment. Shirley Chisholm delivered her speech on May 21, 1969 in Washington, D.C., to push for the equal rights amendment in essence…

Legalization of Marijuana AKA WEED! Why we should have to legalization of marijuana is a big topic for a lot of people. Marijuana should be legalized because it’s not that bad as people take it. People see weed as bad drug, when really it’s not. It actually has more positive than it does negative. My opinion for this topic is, we should be able to vote and then decide if it should be illegal, not by one person banding it from the law. Like a president, we understand he is supposed to make the…

1990:35.) As with most aspects of their lives, they were very dependent on men in issues of law, in which a woman needed a male to “act in their interests” (Cartwright, M. 2014), as they could not defend themselves. In 56 BC, when Cicero was testifying against Clodia, a woman of the elite class whom was accused of attempted murder, he stated, “Did I built the road so that you could parade with other women’s husbands?” This encompasses not only the attitudes that men had towards women in general…

legal area known as civil rights encompassed a basic right to equal treatment based on the protected attributes such as race, gender, and disabilities. Protecting the individual from unfair housing practices and discrimination on the job. Civil liberties include the rights such as free speech, privacy rights, free from unreasonable searches, and fair court trial. b. The 14th amendment 's equal protection clause. It specifies that no state shall reject any person with in its domain even, “the…

In comparison to Australian Constitution’s implied rights, the US Bill of Rights entrenches the civil liberties of its citizens with the force of law. Amongst the intitial ten rights is the freedom of religion, speech and a fair jury. One point of contestability is political participation - people may not be asked to vote on a referendum for rights in the Bill of Rights to be changed, which in itself, impedes on the right to vote (Amendment 14 and 19). Despite this, the US Constitution is a…

chemotherapy she had the chance of not being able to have a child. The couple went into action and decided to take her eggs and Szafranski’s sperm. They used Szafranski’s sperm to fertilize Dunston’s eggs and froze them for later use. After Dunston’s second round of chemo the couple broke up (Schwartz). After the couple’s break up, the idea of saving the pre-embryo’s was up in the air. Dunston and Szafranski went to court and battled over the custody of the fertilized eggs. The case focusses on…

Release the Green Marijuana is an herb mistaken for a drug and is looked upon as dangerous, when in fact it is anything but dangerous. Because of people’s ignorance and lack of knowledge within marijuana, it has become illegal for all the wrong reasons and should greatly be reconsidered for legalization. There is so much wrong being said about marijuana. However, legalizing marijuana would benefit the country in many ways, such as; taxing marijuana, healing sickness, and the reasoning is not…