Ductus arteriosus

the late 1970s that pediatric cardiologists used any form of ultrasound. At that time, M-mode began to be seen as a useful tool for pediatric cardiologists. Pediatric cardiologists were able to decipher how to follow the course of a patent ductus arteriosus closure, estimate cavity size, prove mitral valve obstruction, and estimate valve gradients using only M-mode (Noonan, 2004). Two-dimensional echocardiographs and color-flow Doppler developed in the 1980s, and made a big difference in…

The Rare Cardiovascular Disease “Eisenmenger Syndrome” Eisenmenger Syndrome is a rare cardiovascular disease that was named after the person who first described it in 1897, Victor Eisenmenger (Davis, 2017, p. 765). According to the article “Eisenmenger Syndrome in Children” by Ayden and Brass (2017), it is considered an “advanced form of Pulmonary Hypertension.” Pulmonary Hypertension is where the “arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs become narrow.” When these arteries become…

1. Differentiate between skin of fish and amphibia Fish (Scoliodon) Amphibia (Frog) *Skin is rough and tough which remains *Skin is smooth and loose which remain attached with the underlying muscles. separates from the underlying muscles by lymph . sac.…

easier until the baby can breathe on his/her own. Babies born with serious breathing problems have a higher risk for asthma later in life, turning it into a long-term effect. Heart conditions found in preterm babies are usually PDA, or patent ductus arteriosus. This means that there is a persistent opening between two major blood vessels leading from the heart. This condition however, usually closes on its own, but if it does not and is left untreated the baby can have low blood pressure, which…

Heart and Lung Sounds Assessments The knowledge of the normal heart sound, S1 then S2, will aid in the identification of the abnormal heart sounds as the changes of loudness of S1 or the “lub” in “lub-dup” may signify heart pathology. “The second heart sound has been called the key to heart disease” (Shindler, 2007). It is widely transmitted, usually audible, sharper and shorter than S1, and easily heard. Ventricular gallop or S3 is normal in children but not in older populations as it may be…

We discussed breaking bad news to parents in our feedback session where we talked about how important it is for doctors to be able to break bad news, and that it is a vital skill to have. In my opinion, the conversation with the parents will be to say that there is little hope for survival and no hope for survival without serious handicap in this child as I’ve highlighted above, and that the resuscitation should be abandoned. The process of therapeutic hypothermia involves the baby being cooled…

Introduction: study background Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a condition affecting newborns, particularly ones born prematurely. RDS is characterized by trouble associated with fast and shallow breathing, increased heart rate, bluish color of the skin caused by hypoxia, brief stops in breathing and other symptoms. The progress of this breathing disorder may eventually lead to ventilator failure (Speer, 2011). Generally accepted view is that RDS is partially caused by inability…

Autumn Smith is a 5 year old who was born addicted to the drug known as Meth or Methamphetamines. She was adopted by Erin Smith as just an infant because the mother had been taken away due to the drug problem. Erin had not seen any types of problems with Autumn. She seemed to act like a normal child as she grew older, but by the time she was 5 Erin was noticing a lot of behavioral problems. Autumn was not playing well with other children and she was not playing at the same age level as the other…

Introduction: Upper limb ischemia presenting in the neonatal period is exceedingly rare1. Limb ischemia occurring in utero has three main causes: thrombosis, embolism, and in utero compression2. Neonatal arterial thrombosis and embolism are serious conditions that often result in high morbidity and mortality.3,4 Approximately 90% of neonatal arterial thromboembolic (TE) events are linked to iatragenic causes, including catheterization.4,5 TE events occurring in utero are especially rare, and can…

The NCLEX exam is something that I am truly looking forward to taking. It is scary to think about how close I am to graduation and the next big step in my career is to pass my board exam. Some of my strengths when it comes to test taking over two years of practicing NCLEX style questions are: being able to critically think, reading the question and being able to identify what is being asked. Some of my weaknesses when it comes to test taking are time management. Although, I have tried my best to…