Dopant

INTRODUCTION: RESI: The devices that were huge in the earlier days have been reduced by a huge scale to fulfill the technology scaling demand and to maintain a balance between the device functionality and performance, but also obey Moore’s Law. In order to achieve these requirements, the fabrication process has been altered according to different designs. The reliability issues caused by increased temperatures and factors like soft errors and negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) are…

increase in Cr concentration from 0.0 to 1.0 as summarized in Table 1 and is evident from fig.2. These values clearly signify that the resistivity in Co-Cr nano ferrites is increased by nearly 40 times to that of pure Cobalt ferrite with increase in dopant (Cr) concentration from 0.0 to 1.0. Co-Cr nano ferrites with such high resistivity that leads to very low eddy current losses are desirable in electronic inductors, transformers and electromagnets. The variation of resistivity with Cr…

4. Why PdO/TiON NP powders are chosen as photocatalyst? There are many reasons why PdO/TiON NP powders are chosen as a photocatalyst for MTBE mineralization under visible light. These reasons are listed and discussed as follows: 1- The synergistic effect. 2- The ease of synthesis. 3- The memory effect. 4.1 The synergistic effect Nowadays, modified TiO2 by metal and nitrogen is considered as one of the most promising TiO2 based materials for photocatalytic applications, which is able to…

Abstract: We describe the successful synthesis of Polypyrrole-Gold nanocomposites (PPy-Au NCs) by the chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole with ferric chloride as an oxidizing agent, in the presence of a colloidal suspension of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized by standard citrate reduction method. Au NPs and PPy-Au NCs were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Forced Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier…

Solution growth deposition This technique consists essentially of inserting the substrate into a solution containing hydrolysable metal compounds and pulling it out at a constant speed into an atmosphere containing water vapour. In this atmosphere, hydrolysis and condensation takes place. Finally the films are hardened by a high temperature cycle to form transparent metal oxides. Any hydrolysable compound including halides or nitrates but preferably metallo-organics are suitable…

History of Communication The communication methods employed by human dates back from a very early stages of civilization. In the primitive ages, communication were based on human voice. But it had a limitation, the distance. As distance grew between two people, messages got hard to convey due to the limitation of vocal cord. Next big step taken by human civilization was the invention of fire. He soon realized that this fire could be used for communication. During the attack in China, soldiers…

[53]. The direct band gap energy (Eg) of Tb3+: SA crystals grown by SEST and SR methods are found to be 4.20 eV, 4.10 eV respectively, which is in good accordance with the reported values [54]. The value of band gap of Sulfamic acid was found to decrease with increase in impurity concentration and it is found between 4 and 5 [54, 55]. Fig(7). Plot of α vs. photon energy. 3.6 Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal…

Rare earths are very significant when it comes to the development and use of technical equipment as they can be very important to the performance of the unit. An example of an everyday piece of technology that uses rare earths is the IPhone. Apple has said that the IPhone uses eight rare earths, from everything from the colored screen, to speakers, to the miniature circuits inside the phone. Although the amount of rare earths in the phone is very little, the demand for rare earths will continue…