Dopamine receptor

At the spinal level, the PNS and CNS are bilaterally symmetrical. And studies have shown that the two sides of the spinal cord are not independent due to the findings that unilateral peripheral nociception results in contralateral responses (Koltzeburg, 1999). The contralateral pain was perceived at a lesser magnitude and has a delayed response. This contralateral pain phenomenon can be attributed to a similar pathway as central sensitization leading to secondary hyperalgesia. Primary…

There are a lot of different disorders, but schizophrenia may be one of the most popular. Schizophrenia is defined as a long-term psychological disorder involving a collapse within our thoughts, our feelings, and our behavior. Schizophrenia have different types of disorders, recovery and rehabilitation methods, and signs of the disorder. There are different types of schizophrenia that a person can encounter. According to Mental Health America, Paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, residual are some…

Too much activation of glutamate receptors by excitatory amino acids fosters a lot of consequences that include impairment of calcium buffering, generation of free radicals, activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition and secondary excitotoxicity. (2) Glutamate also functions…

Three researcher identified 3,105 peer reviewed articles through database search. We narrowed and assessed 15 articles out of those 3,105 to address the research questions presented in this systematic review. The primary exclusion criteria articles published after 1990. Table 1 summarizes the study characteristics. Anderson, Damasio, Kilma, Bellugi & Brandt (1991) observed three patients with aphasia who were taught how to fingerspell. Out of all of the patients, two patients were able to…

Zebrafish is an excellent candidate as a model organism for studying early developmental process. When comparing the results of ethanol it is evident to see the correlation of higher concentration of ethanol exposure would equal to greater defects in the early development of Zebrafish embryos. For the experiment with just alcohol treated ethanol I believe that after 48 hours I will see embryos not be dead, but lack of movement. This will untimely lead to a shorter life if they reach to maturity…

Extra Credit Article Assignment The research paper “Inflammation Animal Models for Schizophrenia” conducted by the department of Psychiatry at Ruhr University summarized research on the neurodevelopmental hypothesis for the origins of schizophrenia. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis states that the neurotransmitter imbalances seen in schizophrenia could be caused by a residual effect of maternal immune responses. The researchers would explain that the immune response of the mother would affect…

In 1959, research psychiatrist Donald F. Klein was studying imipramine, a new drug synthesized by a minor alteration in the chemical structure of the “major tranquilizer” chlorpromazine. Researchers hoped that imipramine, like chlorpromazine, would help people with schizophrenia, whose psychotic symptoms were at that time believed to result from excessive anxiety. Unfortunately, imipramine did not stop delusions or hallucinations, but it did alleviate depressive symptoms in schizophrenic…

For the most part, the cause of ADHD is still unknown. While scientists believe there is a genetic factor, environmental issues may also play a role. International research on twins with ADHD indicates that it occurs in family members often. Identical twins are at an extremely high rate of having ADHD is their twin also has it. Fraternal twins have an almost 40% likelihood of having the disorder if their womb partner also does. Siblings of adolescents with ADHD are also more likely to have ADHD,…

psychoactive drug, is a central nervous system stimulant (Majithia, 2007). It stimulates the brain by blocking the effects of the adenosine, which is a neurotransmitter that relaxes the brain. Caffeine helps a person stay awake by connecting to adenosine receptors in the brain without activating them (Petre, 2011). This blocks the effects of adenosine, leading to reduced tiredness. Caffeine consumption is also very popular among students; they have become dependent on it in order to perform best…

Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Addiction affects neurotransmission and interactions within reward structures of the brain, including the nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, basal forebrain and amygdala, such that motivational hierarchies are altered and addictive behaviors, which may or may not include alcohol and other drug use, supplant healthy, self-care related behaviors. Addiction also affects neurotransmission…