DNA

pyrosequencing template is biotinylated. After denaturation, the biotinylated single-stranded PCR amplicon is isolated and allowed to hybrdizine with a sequencing primer. The hybridized primer and single stranded template are incubated with enzymes DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luceriferase and apyrase as well as adenosine 5’ phosphosulfate and luciferin. As nucleotides are incorporated, ATP sulfurylase converts PPi to ATP which drive the luciferase mediated conversion of luciferin to…

because the lack of modern forensic technology that he was able to kill so many people. He knew not to leave finger prints but left DNA at almost every crime scene. DNA testing in the 1980s was relatively new and took a large sample to create a DNA profile and unlike today where the tests can be done within a day, there weren’t as many crime labs that could process the DNA. The Crime Scene investigators had a lot of evidence to process because the killing spread across the entire house. With…

tubes were exposed to different ingredients. One was labeled “+DNA,” the other with “-DNA.” They were both filled with different bacteria. More specifically, the “+DNA” tube had pGFP in it and included a plasmid. Included on that plasmid were two genes: gfp (gene for green fluorescent protein) and an ampicillin resistant gene. The gfp gene makes cells glow and the resistant gene fights against ampicillin, which kills cells. This plasmid DNA was added to half of the cells before both tubes went…

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) within organisms can be methylated while proteins can be either methylated or acetylated. The methylation of DNA and RNA is used for alternative splicing used for production of different mRNA molecules resulting in numerous new proteins. One of the molecules believed to perform the methylation is N6A or N6 methyladenosine. Methylation is the most observed modification to mRNA molecules. Methylation of both DNA and RNA ensures…

There is quite a bit of controversy surrounding the safety of transgenic organisms. Some people believe that bioengineered organisms and products are highly beneficial to our society and population in various ways, while others believe that the whole process in general is immoral and ultimately unsafe. We encounter transgenic organisms in our daily lives primarily through our food supply, and many issues with transgenic organisms are beginning to arise within the agricultural community because…

The development of biotechnology for pesticide resistance is projected to play a critical role in the agricultural industry for its potential benefits in cell and tissue culture and genetic and biochemical techniques, though minimally used today. The most common role of biotechnology thus far has been the circumnavigation of resistance to herbicides, but remains to be applied to fungicides, insecticides and rodenticides. The latest biotechnology is being developed in its techniques for…

Many western countries have banned the editing of human DNA in order to guarantee genetic advantages. Nevertheless, they should be more willing to accept the benefits that overshadow the moral complications. These benefits include tackling and defeating diseases, getting rid of illnesses in young and unborn children, the balancing of the genetic playing field, and the potential to live longer. Imagine a situation in which someone in your family was born with a preventable disease however they…

existence; the synthesis of oligonucleotides and their utilization to synthesize new copies of DNA that were specific using DNA polymerases. Mullis specifically used two oligonucleotides that were each complementary to an opposite strand of the DNA (Bartlett, 2003). This allowed the region in between the oligonucleotides to become amplified and Mullis did this in repetition, allowing the product formed from DNA polymerase activity in a single round to be used in the next round as a template.…

nominate the brilliant scientist Rosalind Franklin. Her crystallographic work at King’s College, London was a crucial contribution to the double-helix model of DNA discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick (Gregory, 2002). Her contributions to the scientific community are still being quoted today and without the discovery of the structure of DNA, present day scientific projects such as The Genome project would not have been possible (“Rosalind Franklin”, n.d.; Alberts et. al, 2002). However,…

3.3.1 POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the most common DNA amplification method in molecular biology, it was invented by Kary Mullis while working in Emeryville, California for Cetus Corporation, one of the first biotechnology companies. His invention won him a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular biology as it has enabled researchers to perform experiments easily that previously had been unthinkable. Before the mid-1980s…