DNA sequencing

transfers the genetic code from DNA via mRNA to finally form the functional product (finished proteins) together forms the central dogma of modern molecular biology. Thus, the genetic code is the basis of the central dogma of molecular biology. Central dogma is nothing but the flow of genetic information in all living cells including human cells from DNA to RNA to proteins. The central dogma There are three classes of sequential biopolymers that encode information: DNA, RNA, and protein. The…

Molds are multi- or unicellular while yeasts are unicellular in structure. Molds grow in the form of tangled mass called the mycelium which is composed of filamentous hyphae while yeasts are spherical or oval-shaped. Molds are colourful while yeast are colourless. Molds can reproduce through small spores sexually or asexually while yeast reproduce asexually by budding or binary fission through mitosis in which a nucleus is divided into two or more nuclei. Mould can grow on food with low pH…

Km and Vmax determination of glucocerebrosidase towards p-NPG The Michaelis constant (Km) is a measure of the affinity of the enzyme towards the substrate, with smaller values representing greater affinity. Km and the maximum rate (Vmax) of leukocyte GCase were obtained through the Lineweaver-Burk plot (Figure 4) with artificial substrate p-NPG in concentrations from 0.71 mM to2.50 mM. Km and Vmax values for leukocyte GCase using p-NPG as substrate was found to be 12.6 mM and 333 U/mg…

Forensic science is an application of all types of science field, especially chemistry to help with the investigation that related to law or crime. It is approved aspect to be applied in a court or law. In this field, forensic scientist plays an important role to help in the investigation. The function of forensic scientist can be classified into three parts that are: 1. As a crime scene investigator As a crime scene investigator (CSI), a forensic scientist involve in collecting the evidences.…

4. Discussion ZnO NPs are known to be cytotoxic and genotoxic in vitro and in vivo [9; 24-26]. However there is a lack of information where immunomodulatory effects of ZnO NPs are considered. Since, in vitro system cannot mimic the complexity of an in vivo system; hence in vivo is preferred for the toxicological evaluation. In the present study BALB/c mice were chosen as the in vivo model due to their immunocompetence and similarity with human metabolic activity, biochemical and physiological…

takes place in the germ cells. 3) Mitosis generally takes place in both sexually and asexually reproducing organisms. While we should know that Meiosis only occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. 4) In Mitosis the DNA replicates only one time in one cell division. On the other hand DNA replicates single time for two cell divisions. 5) Synapsis do not occurs in the Mitosis , While in the Meiosis suanapsis of Chromosomes is necessary in its step known as prophase. 6) In Mitosis the daughter…

Ursula Le Guin's Changing Planes is a collection of short stories based on one basic premise—the ability to change planes of reality while waiting to change planes at an airport. Each of the stories in this collection explores a different plane; some describe the general topography and culture of the plane, whereas others focus specifically on the people who live there, while still others follow a traditional narrative plotline as they describe a sequence of events. No matter their structure,…

Task 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA for short) is genetic material that carry’s the majority of information for development growth and many other functions. DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell. DNA has a double helix structure and is formed by a series of bases these are Adenine , Cytosine , Guanine and Thymine. These bases have a basic pattern when forming DNA. Adenine will only join to Thymine when in DNA and Cytosine will only join to Guanine when in DNA. These bases are bonded by…

When eating, many people question what is in the food they’re consuming and how it is produced. It has become a lifestyle in this day and age to eat organic in order to avoid eating food produced with chemicals or unnecessary additives. One of these unnecessary additives in foods are GMOs. Genetically modified organisms are any organisms whose genetic material has been altered by chemical engineering. Those who work with genetically modified food state that GMOs are present in some foods because…

When drone experts, ranchers and farmers hear the word “drone”, they really feel “up in the air.” Did you know that last year the National Agricultural Aviation Administration spent $106,000 lobbying against drones in Congress? Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles and include everything from gliders to military aircraft. The agricultural industry has heard about the use of drones for only three years and a big concern is the legality of using drones. Agricultural people have been very…