DNA sequencing

Introduction Nucleotide is a building block for deoxyribose nucleic acids which is called DNA that has four base units,adenin(A) ,thymine(T) ,guanine(G), cytosine(C). The nucleotides can bond with their base pairs(A=T,G=C) to form a linear strand that is supported by sugar-phosphate backbone. In the linear strand, some of three base sequence is a codon and each codon is related to an amino acid. These codons come together in a linear sequence and create a gene. Gene can be called as cipher that…

4.1 Maintenance and sub-culturing of endophytic fungi The cultures were procured from already maintained repository in laboratory. The maintenance of the cultures involved preparation of Potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, sub culturing of cultures and long term preservation. 4.1.1 Preparation of PDA (Potato dextrose agar) plates 39g of PDA was dissolved in 1000 ml double distilled water, stirred to mix properly and was transferred into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and autoclaved at 121˚C at 15…

the potentials and limitations of DNA and human remains in archaeological research using two case studies. The first case study focuses on the potentials and limitations of the extraction of Mycobacterium Bovis from DNA to further understand the pathological history of societies in Southern Siberia. The second case study looks into the successful reconstruction of DNA sequences from Neanderthal fossil remains and the limitations that appeared during its study. DNA analysis has made a historical…

Analysis of soil chemical and biological properties Soil chemical analysis and enzymes like urease, protease and nitrite reductase were carried out in the soil analysis laboratory, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China. Soil pH analysis (soil:water = 1:1) performed by pH meter and Soil organic carbon was determined by dichromate oxidation (Walkley and Black, 1934). Total N in soil was determined by Semimicro-Kjeldahl method (Bremmer and Mulvaney, 1982). Nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N)…

causing additional racism in our country. Only the wealthy will be able to have designer babies, and will they think they are to good for the rest of the world. “The process of DNA replication starts off with the double helix “unzipping” with both helices running in opposite directions. A “Y” shaped region is formed. The whole DNA doesn’t split though, only a small…

In whole-exome sequencing, 126 BCC were analyzed and the blood matching sample. These BCC’s were analyzed for specific exons in the gDNA for differences in the base pairs. During the target panel of the cancer gene 163 sporadic BCC’s were analyzed as well as 4 Gorlin syndrome BCC’s. These BCC’s were analyzed against 387 known cancer-related genes. The last method was RNA sequencing of 61 BCC’s and 25 single matched samples of normal epidermis. The…

company that focuses on developing and manufacturing instruments, kits and reactants for single cell biology and high throughput screening. Fluidgm technologies as well as other biotech companies incorporate the central dogma of molecular biology (DNA-RNA-Proteins) into…

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the ability of triple Taqman probe real-time PCR to the detection and differentiation of vanA, vanB and vanM genotypes of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). METHODS: Choosing the culture method and PCR-sequencing assay as the reference standard，respectively, a total of 254 VRE and 90 strains of no-VRE were conducted by triple Taqman probe real-time PCR collected from 2005 to 2015 in China. Results: When detect the VRE strains, the sensitivity, specificity,…

Two sets of primers were used to obtain the DNA of both the open reading frames. A standard set of protocol was followed to obtain highly amplified open reading frame of FAD2, but with an increased annealing temperature of 55 ° C as the primer’s boiling point was high of 75 ° C. The reaction were labelled RNAIFAD2.1 and RNAIFAD2.2. The amplified PCR DNA was then run on 1% agarose gel to separate the amplified DNA. The gel was excised after the electrophoresis, and later subjected…

magnify the 16S rRNA gene and is used in molecular biology to make thousands of copies of the magnified DNA. There are three main stages that the PCR carries out, the first is denaturing when the double-stranded DNA is separated into two strands. Second, annealing which enables the DNA primers to attach to the DNA when the temperature is lowered. Lastly, extending which is when a new strand of DNA is created by the Taq polymerase enzyme when the temperature is raised. This process is run in…