DNA sequence

DNA sequencing (Sanger to NGS) Introduction: The DNA sequencing methods have quickly evaluated for the forty last years and their finding was joined by breakthroughs in the field of Molecular biology (1). The first efficient method to sequencing DNA was found by F.Sanger in 1977 (2). But the huge desire to sequencing genomes required faster methods and many improvements were made. Fluorescence, capillary electrophoresis and microarrays led to a new way for sequencing genes : the Next Generation…

health. Alterations in the DNA sequence, cause mutations that are irreversible. A new technology, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, short for CRISPR is the solution to genetic diseases. Crispr consists of two components, a guide RNA and an enzyme called, Cas9. The repeats are short segments of DNA, and are palindrome, sequence of letters that read the same left to right. The repeats are identical and are interspaced, between the spaces there is spacer DNA. Scientist…

The ribosome reads information along the mRNA and brings the amino acid together with help from transfer RNA. Transfer RNA has a cloverleaf shape with base-paired arms and an attached anticodon sequence. At the bottom of the tRNA there is an anticodon that pairs with a codon on mRNA. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides. Codons are read, in order, by tRNA, which aligns with the codon and attracts the corresponding amino acid. It continues this same cycle, connecting amino acids, to make a…

Gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA nucleotide sequence, such that the sequence is different from what is commonly found. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single base pair, to a large segment of a chromosome. Gene mutations can be categorized in two major ways, hereditary and acquired or somatic mutation. Hereditary mutations are mutations inherited from a parent. These mutations are present in virtually every cell of the body, and are present throughout…

being done on recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA is any single molecule containing DNA sequences from two or more organisms. The process of creating recombinant DNA relies on the use of restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, and DNA ligase. The first step in creating this new DNA strand is to cut the gene sequences you want from the original DNA molecule. This sequence will be cut by the restriction enzyme in such a way that it creates a palindrome from the overhanging sequence called a sticky…

begins when an RNA polymerase and a sigma subunit bind at two different sites at a promoter. An open promoter complex is formed when DNA unwinds in this area and RNA synthesis starts because of a holenzyme. This is where regulation really comes into play, because transcription will continue as long as it has enough of what it needs until it hits a termination sequence. After which, the brand new produced RNA and enzyme are let go from the template. Until then, the…

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. Understanding Human Genetic Variation Genetics is the scientific study of inherited variation. Human genetics, then, is the scientific study of inherited human variation. We study genetic material due to following reasons; 1. One reason is simply an interest in better understanding…

of the AUG Sequence in the PV92 Region. Abstract – Alu sequences are found throughout the karyotype of humans and new world primates. Newer sequences that are roughly around one million years old can used to analyze human history since they are not yet stable in the population. One of these sequences that are still evolving is the Alu sequence on the PV92 region of chromosome 16. In this experiment we analyzed 29 individuals at Cameron University to find out how frequent this sequence is and…

multiplexing assay, more than one target sequence can be amplified using multiple primer pairs in a reaction mixture. As an extension to practical use of PCR, this technique has potential to produce considerable time saving and effort within the laboratory without compromising on utility of the experiment (Elnifro et. al., 2000). By simultaneously amplifying more than one locus in the same reaction, multiplex PCR is considered…

the newest version of CRISPR, it targets the RNA instead of the DNA so that it does not edit the entirety of the human genome (Mumal). The question now is; is this cause for alarm?…