DNA sequence

energy from nuclear fusion, as they convert Hydrogen to Helium. As these massive stars begin to die once they’ve worn out their hydrogen and are now very old stars, they turn into giants/supergiants (old, large stars), resting just above the main sequence stars. This is where the “F” and “G” stars are located. The hotter they are, the brighter they are demonstrating the Sun being a G star. Next, the core contracts as the outer layers expand. This is leading to the explosion of stars eventually…

Stage Four: Protostar By this stage of the stars evolution, 100,000 years after the process began, it can now be plotted on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which is used to compare the many different stars. Although it is still not fully formed, we are able to determine the type of star it will become based on its luminosity and temperature. In the nucleus of the condensed cloud, which could now fit within the orbit of Mercury at less than 58,000,000 km wide, electrons and protons are ripped…

12.5 hours. The diameter is about 2.2 million miles, which is 2.5 times the Sun, the temperature is approximately 17,000 F (9,500C), the luminosity is about 40 times the Sun’s size, and the star type is is a white main sequence star, so it is in A class. Since it is a main sequence star, it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core, The Vega star is also known as the Alpha Lyrae and is in the Lyra constellation. It is a blur to white star and has a radius of 1.1 million miles, 2.5 times larger…

An astronomical star catalogue lists stars by number according to different criteria (such as their magnitude), which can provide insight into the positions of stars, how they change over time, and even the history and culture of the astronomers who create these catalogues. As early as the 2nd millennium B.C.E, star catalogues have been kept (Van der Waerden); they can be seen all over the world and across cultures, increasing in breadth over time as the technology of telescopes advanced and…

genotypic differences that can be observed using DNA sequencing data. One way to observe genetic variation amongst humans would be to sequence the Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA). Mitochondrial DNA is the most commonly used DNA to form phylogenetic trees. Human Mitochondrial DNA is about 16,500 bps in size and consists of 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNAs (transfer RNA), and 2 rRNAs (ribosomal RNA) (Ingman, 2001). Mitochondrial DNA has many beneficial uses for DNA sequencing such as; its ability to be…

Genetic mutations are the source of numerous hereditary diseases. This has been discovered by the comparison of two DNA sequences with bioformatic software. Two sequences are aligned and compared in order to locate mutations in the DNA (Module 4 Protocol,1). Escherichia coli aka E. coli was used as the test subject in this lab because it employs lac operons while transcribing mRNA. An operon is a unit of linked genes that regulates genes in charge of protein synthesis. A lac operon requires…

relationship between central dogma and a genetic code The vital sequence of different processes that transfers the genetic code from DNA via mRNA to finally form the functional product (finished proteins) together forms the central dogma of modern molecular biology. Thus, the genetic code is the basis of the central dogma of molecular biology. Central dogma is nothing but the flow of genetic information in all living cells including human cells from DNA to RNA to proteins. The central dogma…

Deoxyribonucleic Acid better known as DNA is housed in the cell’s nucleus where the genetic material is. DNA is a long molecule that forms a double helix, folded inside of the nucleus of the cell. The double strand of DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds. The double helix of DNA run head to tail. DNA is typically millions of base pair long (Shier, Butler, Lewis, 2016, p.94). Deoxyribonucleic Acid is one type of nucleic acid with the sequence of building blocks that hold information that…

chromosomes, each of these chromosomes are a housing unit for DNA. DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a simple molecule found in all living organisms. DNA has a unique structure, made up of a double helix, base pairing, and hydrogen bonding, all working together to make it stable. The double helix is made up of a phosphate backbone. These phosphates create a bond between the sugars and themselves,…

protein. In protein coding the sequence is always in groups of three nucleotides. These groups of three are called codons. Every codon has one amino acid in a protein. All proteins need to start with the ATG codon. Most biological activities are carried out by proteins. In order to have the DNA sequence that reads ATG-ACT-CAT-GAG-TGA to be translated into the RNA to build a protein there has to be proteins that are not the same to be able to perform this function. The DNA also needs to be…