DNA repair

ability of the body to repair DNA which is damaged mainly by Ultraviolent light as well as various chemical Carcinogens. ” The most common forms of DNA damage occurs via the cross linking of adjacent pyrimidines resulting in the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs)” (1) for example UV light will often make two T 's bases next to each other bind making a dimer. The regions of the cells that are affected by the disease are called the nucleotide excision repair (NER) enzymes. There…

is composed of a complex, chemical mixture of roughly 60 known carcinogens (Alexandrov, et al., 2016). Smoking tobacco and exposure to other carcinogens increases human risk for cancer significantly by enhancing DNA mutation rates. Different carcinogens cause slightly different types of DNA damage in humans that eventually lead to cancer (Ehrenberg, 2016). These unique patterns of mutations that occur in different types of cancer tissue are what makes each carcinogenic mutation unique and leave…

mitochondrial pathway*5. At Low concentrations lead has been shown to activate cellular growth mechanisms. In theory lead mobilizes free calcium ions and activates protein kinase C. This movement triggers a cascading event leading to the end product of DNA synthesis. In animal models, lead has been shown to increase cell proliferation at low cytotoxic concentrations adding to leads carcinogenicity.9* A diagram of Major mechanisms of metal induced carcinogenicity is outlined below 9* Proposed…

The mechanisms by which formaldehyde produces its carcinogenic affects and the mechanism by which the cell repairs these aberrations inflicted on DNA is not know. This paper will focus on formaldehyde’s abundance in the surrounding environment, as well as the ways formaldehyde interacts with DNA to induce DNA damage. This paper will also briefly talk about some plausible mechanisms of DNA repair the cell…

Common tumors are often caused by mutations in the genes that may potentially lead to varying protein structures, which do not correlate with their proper functions (1). Majority of these mutations arise as a result of substituting one nucleotide base pair for another, but a significant number are also from adding or removing one of more of these nucleotides that ultimately disrupts protein translation (1). One of the mutated genes linked to cancer is BRCA1 (2,3,4). BRCA1 stops tumor growth by…

cell cycle. Interphase is divided in 3 parts, which are G1, S phase and G2. G1- cell grows S phase- cell synthesizes DNA G2- cell prepares to divide During G1 both normal and cancer cells grow, but in a cancer cell the cell just keeps growing ignoring the signals that tell them to stop. In S phase, or synthesis, both in cancer or normal cells the DNA replicates, sometimes the DNA polymerase make mistakes and copies the wrong letter, but when mutated it ignore the errors. In the last stage…

Cancer development Cancer is a global epidemic. It affects the elder and the younger, the ugly and the beautiful, and the poor and the rich. According to the World Health Organization, there are 8.2 million cancer-related deaths in 2012. Cancer accounts for more deaths worldwide than other infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. It is also estimated that 21.4 million new cancer cases will be diagnosed in 2030. Cancer comes to be a global issue and an increasing public…

human because it creates genetic variations and survival advantage. Mutation is a process that changes the DNA sequence. It has been studies that multiple genes are the possible risk factors for breast cancer. However, mutation of the genes relates to breast cancer because it is a result of critical genes growing and dividing uncontrollably, which are responsible for cell growth and repair damaged. According to Genetic Learning Science Center (2015), germline mutations are genetic changes…

Functions of protein TP53 TP53 has a general name called tumor suppressor protein p53. Tp53 has many names such as phosphoprotein p53, cellular tumor antigen p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53). Also, TP53 has also been referred to as the guardian of the genome [19]. In 1979, scientists first observed the gene by using SDS-PAGE and found it has a size of about 53-kilodalton (kDa). The location of the TP53 gene is at chromosome 17, at…

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a rare single gene disorder affecting 1 in 3,500 boys. The muscles of the affected person weaken and waste away (atrophy), usually beginning in the lower limbs and then spreading to the upper body as the disease progresses (1). This disorder is caused by recessive mutations in a gene called dystrophin. The dystrophin gene is located on the X chromosome (Xp21.2). Because the X-linked disorder is recessive it occurs mostly in males because males who inherit the…