DNA polymerase

Report begins: The point of existence for a species is to survive and reproduce. The human race is a thriving species with a population that is forever increasing. One of the biggest problems for the human race is curing or preventing diseases that reduce the quality of life and even kill the individuals affected by it. An example of a disease is Adenosine Deaminase deficiency (ADA) which is a very rare disease that creates a poor immunity in the individual affected due the the lack of the…

the presence or absence of a known pathogen. Another drawback is that the primers used for PCR can strengthen non-specifically to sequences that are similar, but not entirely identical to the specific DNA. In addition, incorrect nucleotides can be combined into the PCR sequence by the DNA polymerase, but at a very low rate. • X-Ray The X-Ray is an extremely common procedure that allows visuals of the inside of the body without requiring any incisions. X-rays are done in a radiology department,…

ability to conduct DNA analysis revealing varying compositions and properties. For the following experiment the genomic DNA from Drosophila melanogaster, was utilized to be cloned and sequenced for either actin or 18s rRNA. In order to clone and sequence the specific section of DNA 9 specific steps had to be conducted and they are as follows: extraction/purification of DNA, amplify the gene utilizing PCR, ligate the product from PCR into plasmid vector, use E. coli to transform plasmid DNA,…

DNA Profiling of Alu Sequences and Application of Hardy-Weinberg in the Class Population Introduction Genetic diversity remains a very interesting topic to study due to the vast amount of DNA base pairs that make up the human genome. Within the genome, there are specific SINES (short interspersed elements) that illustrate distinct characteristics in the human population. One such sequence, the Alu element, can be used to show relatedness amongst different mammalian species. One insert, the Y Alu…

4.1 Maintenance and sub-culturing of endophytic fungi The cultures were procured from already maintained repository in laboratory. The maintenance of the cultures involved preparation of Potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, sub culturing of cultures and long term preservation. 4.1.1 Preparation of PDA (Potato dextrose agar) plates 39g of PDA was dissolved in 1000 ml double distilled water, stirred to mix properly and was transferred into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and autoclaved at 121˚C at 15…

The main differentiating structure of eubacteria is that it has peptidoglycan in its cell walls, has one RNA polymerase and has the ability to form spores that can live many years but remain inactive until its environment is just right for it to activate itself. They are similar to eukaryotes in that they also have ester linked lipids, may photosynthesise using chlorophyll and their DNA are both negatively coiled. Archaebacteria uses ether linked lipids, have membranes that enclose lipids with…

specifically detected the target DNA (Table 3) by turning the color of LAMP amplified products from orange to yellowish green color. The LAMP amplified products also produced a ladder-like pattern in the gel electrophoresis. This indicated the amplification of target pathogen M. eumusae by the designed LAMP primers (Fig. 2). Optimization of LAMP reaction During the LAMP optimization process, the effects of Mg2+ concentration, the amount of Bst DNA polymerase, the effect of addition of…

had to carry out the following steps: DNA extraction, PCR and gel electrophoresis. I found that my genotype matched my phenotype, showing that I was a PTC taster and my genotype was hetero zygote taster. DNA extraction DNA is removed from human cells for a range of reasons. With a pure sample of DNA you can test for a genetic disease, analyze forensic evidence, or study a gene involved in cancer. DNA extraction is an important part of the process because the DNA first needs to be purified away…

method uses the dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators. For this method to work effectively, it requires the following: a DNA primer, a single –stranded DNA template, radioactively or fluorescently labelled nucleotides, a DNA polymerase, and modified nucleotides that play a role in terminating the DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the DNA polymerase and all four standard deoxynucleotides ( dGTP, dATP,…

pyrosequencing template is biotinylated. After denaturation, the biotinylated single-stranded PCR amplicon is isolated and allowed to hybrdizine with a sequencing primer. The hybridized primer and single stranded template are incubated with enzymes DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luceriferase and apyrase as well as adenosine 5’ phosphosulfate and luciferin. As nucleotides are incorporated, ATP sulfurylase converts PPi to ATP which drive the luciferase mediated conversion of luciferin to…