Divalent

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Generalities PCR is a method developed in 1985 by Kary Mullis and to obtain, by coupling a heat-resistant DNA polymerase and without cloning, amplification of a fragment of DNA known. Initially, DNA polymerase was isolated from a bacterium thermophilne (resistant to significant increases in temperature), as Thermus aquaticus (Taq polymerase). Currently, we use recombinant enzymes, whose; elaboration is easier and greater efficiency. The general principle of PCR is…

The rate of nickel sorption by immobilized spent yeast in chitosan beads was determined as a function of the adsorbent dosage, initial pH and initial nickel concentration as shown in Fig. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The sorption rate was rapid at the beginning of the period. It was observed that the equilibrium uptake of nickel by immobilized spent yeast was occurred after 2 hours. Kinetic studies of adsorption To investigate the sorption mechanism, the constants of sorption were determined by…

The definition of Symbiosis is "the living together in an intimate association of two or more dissimilar organisms". Symbiosis is a crucial part of our existence and a reason for the beginning of life on this planet we call home. According to history of our planet, Earth was formed from absolute nothingness to tiny molecules of thick water vapor and many compounds of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and more. From these molecules, the disorder and order of the molecule reacted with each other,…

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND 1.1 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY Oil production is differentiated into three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary, which is also known as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Primary oil recovery is restricted to hydrocarbons that naturally produced to the surface, or those that utilization artificial lifts, for example, pump jacks. The secondary recovery utilizes water and gas injection, dislodging the oil and driving it to the surface. US Department of Energy stated that by using…

Ciminelli and Osseo-Asare, 1995; Lowson, 1982). Anderson (1951) reported 26 kJ/mol in the study of oxidation kinetics of galena (PbS) while Stenhouse and Armstrong (1952) reported an activation energy of 20 kJ/mol for the alkaline oxidation of pyrite. Koslides and Ciminelli (1992) suggested that during alkaline oxidation of sulphides, there is a change from chemical (activation energy > 40 kJ/mol) to diffusion (activation energy < 40 kJ/mol) control as the rate determining step when…

1. Introduction Lernaea infection is a major disease problem encountered in carp culture in the Indian subcontinent and has been reported from Indian major carps Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) , exotic carps silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and indigenous carps Labeo fimbriatus (Nandeesha et al., 1984, 1985; Tamuli and Shanbhouge, 1996; Zafar et al., 2001). The three Indian Major Carps viz., Catla, Rohu and…

James Apostolico November 6, 2014 The Chemistry of Natural Waters Chemistry 111 Section: 005 Kareem Ali, Dima Alfawaz Stephanie Le Clair Introduction Water hardness is a way of defining the quality of water based upon the amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ions that the sample contains.1 Water mostly becomes hard by flowing over weathering rocks which release these ions into the water. These released ions dissolve in water and then react with various elements, ions and compounds that…