Dilution

ways and ingestion of excess minerals (such as phosphate) poses health threats such as gastrointestinal illness, neurological disorders and reproductive issues [1]. Phosphate in drinking water is one of many minerals monitored through solution sampling. Performing a serial dilution process with the use of an indicator and a blank (composed of ammonium vanadomolybdate indicator and distilled water) as a reference,…

on nylon membranes (Roche, Branford, CT, USA). The ISH protocol is similar to the one from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory with minor modifications (Javelle et al. 2011). In brief, slides were fixed with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde followed by 0.05% (w/v) proteinase K treatment for 5 min at 21oC and acetylation with acetic anhydride. Lipids were extracted by washing through an ethanol series: 50, 70, 95 and 100% (vols). Pre-hybridized sections were incubated with 200 µl hybridization solution per…

3. I chose the plate with dilution factor 10-7 to count. This was the only plate that yielded an appropriate CFU, therefore, it was the sample with the highest countable colonies. The plate with the dilution of 10-6 yielded Too Many To Count (>300) while the plates with dilution 10-8 and 10-9 yielded Too Few To Count (<30). 4.If I were to do a total count on this sample, as opposed to a viable count, the total count would be higher because it accounts for all cells, not just visible and…

1. (4 points) The results below were obtained from a use-dilution test of two disinfectants. Cultures were inoculated into tubes with varying concentrations of disinfectants and incubated for 24 hr at 20°C, then subculture in nutrient media without disinfectants. (+ = growth; - = no growth) Disinfectant 1 Disinfectant 2 Concentration Initial Subculture Initial Subculture Most concentrated 1:10 - + - - 1:90 + + - - 1:900 + + - - 1:90,000 + + - - 1:900,000 + + - + 1:9,000,000 + + - +…

Conclusion This work describes the development of colloidal systems of Diclofenac sodium. The interest of these Diclofenac sodium loaded colloidal systems was evidenced by the fact that they significantly prolonged the release of Diclofenac sodium. These colloidal systems released their drug content rapidly upon dilution. The similar behavior of the three systems indicates that the colloidal nature of the systems is the key factor responsible for their positive behavior. In conclusion, the…

US homeopathic market. The OTC homeopathic drug products in US the established annual sales are around $ 75 million and exploring up to 15-20% annually. In 1988, the first volume of Homeopathic Pharmacopeia convention of US(HPUS) is established by Homeopathic pharmacopeia Revision services. The monography of Drug substances in Hus are considered in official standard Drug in current food, drug & cosmetic Act & code of federal Regulation (CFR). Homeopathic remedies are recognized as drug by FDA.…

incredibly useful tool in analyzing the structure and composition of compounds. Specifically, the principles of absorption, the process by which an electron absorbs radiation to excite from a lower energy state to a higher energy state, and fluorescence, the emission of photons when a material is subjected to radiation, allow for the identification and analysis of unknown concentrations of compounds.1 With that being said, the purpose of this experiment is to spectroscopically assess the…

Lysate”. The objective for this lab was to find the dilution and volume needed for making the bacteria grow on the Agar plate. The Materials for this lab are a calculator and scrap paper. There were no materials needed for this lab session. The protocol for lab number 14 is to calculate the estimated number of phage forming units. Use a ruler to estimate the diameter in millimeters of the plaque and plate. Divided by one half to find the radii, then use this equation: 3.14•r2, to calculate…

From the table, we can see there were no colonies growing on the tryptophan dropout and the isoleucine drop out, on all the medium plates except for the 1X dilution Tobacco medium plate. For the positive control, increasing concentrations of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) resulted in a decreasing number of colonies growing on the medium plates. This means that EMS is mutating the yeast in such a way that they would not be able to grow on the YPD. For each concentrations of the positive control,…

The mortality rate gradually decreased from 40%, 40%, 20%, 20%, to 0%. This supports the hypothesis because the greater dilutions had a higher mortality rate while the smaller dilutions had lower mortality rates. However, the upstream data was also convincing. The greatest dilution, 1:4, had a mortality rate of 80%, which is greater than on site. This could be considered an outlier because it seems random compared to the rest of the upstream dilution rates. However, the smaller dilutions, other…