Digestive enzyme

Enzymes are protein molecules that occur in all living things on earth and enable chemical reactions. Enzymes not only provide an alternate pathway for a chemical reaction, with a lower activation energy, they also bring substrates together in an optimal orientation, thereby speeding up the rate of reaction (Slide Share 2016). In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the substrate (reactant) binds to the active site and forms and intermediate substance known as the enzyme-substrate complex with the…

1. The color of Max’s urine tells Tracy what the concentration is because the darker the urine color, the more concentrated it is. The clearer it is, the less concentrated it is. Urine pigment correlates with specific gravity because the more concentrated (darker) a urine sample is, the higher the specific gravity will be as well. 2. Based on the urine color and specific gravity, Tracey is able to conclude Max’s hydration status during the different recorded stages. Before he exercises, Max’s…

Homeostasis is a controlled state in which the body is able to function optimally. An equilibrium of the body’s physiological mechanisms are maintained and kept under control, if the equilibrium is lost it can be fatal for an individual. (Waugh, Grant, 2014) In order to maintain a balanced internal environment the body is required to adjust when needed to, this is known as homeostatic regulation. A cluster of cells with the hypothalamus is known as the control centre; this sets the limits at…

To determine the effect of the proximity of the dam on fish distributions downstream, I will collect data at three locations along the Monongahela River, moving downstream from the dam (Site 1, Site 2, and Site 3 in Figure 1.A). I will repeat this two times on two different days of similar weather patterns for a total of $110 in anticipated costs. At each site, I will collect a variety of variables. For starters, I will collect an indication of water clarity using a secchi disk at each site for…

Purpose This lab’s purpose was to experiment how much of a syrup solution would seep through a dialysis bag at different temperatures. Procedure We prepared by filling up three dialysis bags with about 100 mL of a syrup solution. We tied knots on either end and measured the initial mass of the bags. The bags were measured in grams. Then we added water to three different beakers, each being a different temperature. One beaker was room temperature, another was heated to about body temperature…

Fig. 1. Various nuclear changes of erythrocyte in the blood smears of fish treated with sub-lethal concentrations of profenofos such as (a) control (regular cell), (b) micronucleus, (c) bi-nucleus, (d) degenerated nucleus, (e) notched nucleus, (f) nuclear bridge, and (g) nuclear bud. Two groups of fish were exposed to 10% and 50% of LC50 of profenofos for 7, 15, and 30 days, while third group treated as control (0% profenofos). Three slides were prepared for each fish and 2000 cells were scored…

In non-competitive allosteric inhibition, inhibitor molecules bind to an enzyme at the allosteric site. Their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme's active site for its substrate. The binding of this allosteric inhibitor changes the conformation of the enzyme and its active site, so the substrate is not able to bind. This prevents the enzyme from lowering the activation energy of the reaction, and the reaction rate is reduced. However, allosteric…

As a result, lactose is a competitive inhibitor. In the presence of the inhibitor, the slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot becomes the equation below. Using equation 7 along with the Km and the Vmax from series A, the Ki of Series B and C were calculated. The concentration of inhibitor for 50mM lactose was found to be 35714 μM using equation 1. Similar to the substrate concentration, the inhibitor concentration can be found using the same equation, but substituting in the inhibitor molar…

Francisella tularensis is a bacterium that has been recognized to be an agent responsible for the disease known as tularemia. This disease, in essence, sends the immune system of the organism into a hyperactive state, sometimes referred to as hypercytokinemia due to the elevated levels of various cytokines, which if not treated properly could lead to extremely high fevers, inflammation of various tissues, and (if contracted through aerosol form) the death of the infected organism. Specifically,…

In this experiment, 25 g of solid sodium acetate trihydrate was added into a large beaker. The solid was then heat for 5 minutes, where liquid formed. 6.3 mL of water and a pinch of red dye was poured into the beaker while heated for 2 additional minutes. The solution was then cooled in an ice bath for 30 minutes. The solid-liquid product was then finally poured on a pinch of sodium acetate trihydrate crystal seeds to form ethanoic anhydride. This experiment was ultimately conducted in order to…