Diffusion of innovations

Patents Encourage Innovation The two ideas that raise the most to support the positive role of patents to encourage innovation are: a) The utilitarian-based argument; and b) The Knowledge spillover argument. a) Utilitarian-Based Argument The solidest theoretical explanation about patents is the utilitarian incentive-based argument. In which patents reward the inventive skills of the innovator to continue working beyond in such field (Rai & Jagannathan, 2012). Patents encourage Innovation because…

From World War II the "linear model of innovation" was adopted, with its emphasis on the supply of scientific knowledge, which states that science leads to technology and this in turn transforms the basic science Commercial applications that seek to satisfy the needs of the market; In other words, basic research leads to "invention" and then to innovation, that is, to the launch of the novelty. Escorsa Pere Castells (2005) believes that this model is not realistic (1) and on the contrary too…

Like any other engineering disciple, chemical engineers are deeply interested in bettering the world through innovation. They seek translate their knowledge in mathematics, science, economics and even social insight into actions, and aim to invent, design and construct new perspectives and concepts to tackle the problems we face in the world today. Many tend to associate the term ‘chemical engineer’ with huge process plants and chemical reactors. Whilst this is not an inaccurate reflection of a…

system. There is a constant movement of various molecules in and out of the cell that brings nutrients in and brings waste out. This movement of particles in and out of cells is based around osmosis. It is written in the Lab Manual (2014) “Osmosis is diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane” (p. 97). In this experiment, dialysis tubing, a type of differentially permeable membrane which only lets water molecules through, was used to create bags used to model cells. Four bags…

Because ATP or other energetic compounds are not directly involved in co-transport, it is referred to as secondary active transport. The electrochemical ion gradient is mainly established by the Na+,K+-ATPase. Facilitated diffusion is an example of passive diffusion, but aided by membrane-spanning channel proteins that span the lipid bilayer. Therefore, the particles (molecules or ions) do not have to dissolve in the cell membrane's hydrophobic lipid bilayer, allowing hydrophilic and larger…

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is a mitochondrial lipid dependent membrane bound enzyme and principle donor of free energy in the living system. Any alteration in membrane lipids leads to changes in membrane fluidity, which in turn alters the ATPase activity and cellular function. The use of ATPase level measurement was considered as an appropriate index of membrane damage. Pathological processes that interfere with the production of ATP may interfere with sodium pump activity, which in turn…

50mL of water in room temperature, and a teabag was placed into a beaker of water. The observation was made for the next 5 minutes. Replacing the water in room temperature to warm water did the same procedure. The following observation was made. Diffusion, Dialysis, and Osmosis Effects of Osmosis on Potato Cells: Experiment1 In this portion…

movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. Osmosis also refers specifically to the diffusion of water molecules. Diffusion is the movement of chemical particles for an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.The semipermeable is a material or membrane allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others.Large molecules…

Introduction The cell membrane provides a boundary between the intracellular environment and the extracellular environment. The membrane is selectively permeable only allowing some substances to pass through while some can’t. The cell membrane consists of two phospholipid bilayers. Each layer has an electrically charged, hydrophilic head, while the tail is an uncharged hydrophobic. The electrically charged head of these layers face toward the water as the uncharged tails face each other. This…

Osmosis is the net movement of water towards higher concentration. In osmosis experiment, water likes to diffuse from an area of low-solute concentration to an area of high-solute concentration. The purpose of the osmosis experiment was to observe the diffusion of solutes and the osmosis of water through a semipermeable membrane, which was dialysis tubing. This experiment was done to examine, if the solution is hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic. The result of this experiment was that…