Diffraction

1.1 The structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is often referred to as “the molecule of life”. It encodes the instructions that are used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The molecule itself was first discovered in 1860 by Friedrich Miescher (reviewed in Dahm 2005). Further work was performed by other chemists, including Phoebus Levene who identified the components of the molecule, including the presence of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, as well as four…

Ways to discover biological immortality and slowing down ageing process Ageing is simply the matter of our bodies physically getting old and it has environmental and genetic causes. As we get older we tend to develop and maintain some habits which can affect our health either positively or negatively and this represents the accumulation of changes in a person over time. Biological immortality is a term used by biologists to distinguish cells that are not subject to the Hayflick limit. There are…

citrate reduction method. Au NPs and PPy-Au NCs were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Forced Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques for morphological and structural confirmations. The dc- electrical conductivity of PPy-Au NCs was tested by two probe method. The electrical conductivity of…

The article, “Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege” by Pem Davidson Buck argues about the “psychological wage” that was created by the system of race and white privilege embedded in our society. Buck gave us an overview of what happened before and after Bacon’s Rebellion creating the major changes in our society. Before the rebellion, people love each other, but during and after the rebellion people started to feel that they should have power over others which lead to the creation of…

The Battle of the Minds Wrought with regimented formulas and unfeeling calculations, the idea of science as an unyielding regiment circulates as popular belief. To the majority of the population the process of creating a hypothesis, preforming an experiment, and formulating a conclusion repeats indefinitely until someone reaches a breakthrough. However, this seemingly unending cycle fails to encompass the inconstancy of the scientific process. The scientific findings surrounding the discovery…

Technical Review of Hydrothermal Formation of Calcium Copper Tetrasilicate Introduction Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to obtain close-up images of samples with depth enabling high quality, 3D depictions on a microscopic level. It has been historically used to identify samples of interest such as bacterial biofilm, microtexture surfaces, and even cancer cells for diagnosis.[1, 2, 3] The first high magnification SEM was reported in a journal in 1938 by Ardenne after developing the…

28. a) A structure that was made if two chains of nucleotides, each in a helix, with each chain running parallel to each other. Also proved that the nucleotide bases could pair up in only one way based on Chargaff’s rule. b) Franklin’s x-ray diffraction photographs showed that the wet form of DNA likely had a double helix. Wilkins showed Watson Franklin’s results and at the time Watson and Crick were experimenting with many potential models of having 1,2 or even 2 strands. As soon as Watson saw…

3. Results and discussion 3.1. XRD analysis The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Sn-substituted Ni-Zn ferrites with the chemical composition of Ni0.6-x/2Zn0.4-x/2SnxFe2O4 (NZSFO) are shown in Fig. 1. The XRD spectra were indexed and fcc cubic phase was identified. The structural parameters are calculated from the XRD data and have been discussed in Ali et al [6]. The lattice constants are calculated from the XRD data and represented in Table 1. The distances between the magnetic ions at…

Thermal stability of the membranes was determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer (Q 50, M/s TA Instruments). The membranes were heated from room temperature to 800°C at a heating rate of 20°C/min under nitrogen atmosphere. 2.5.4 Wide angle X-Ray Diffraction (WXRD) The dispersion of C 30B particles in the hybrid membranes were successfully determined by WXRD studies. Test was performed by a X-Ray Diffractometer (M/s Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) using a Cu Kα ray of wavelength 1.541 °A over the…

conditions and these experiments when determined as true are labelled as facts which have a higher degree of credibility as they pass the truth test which exemplifies the reliability of facts in natural sciences. For example the idea of flow of diffraction of waves. Previously it was believed that light was a particle and it was agreed that light could not diffract But later research showed that light can diffract and it was called wave. In the end light was declared both as particle and a…