Diabetic retinopathy

best-corrected visual acuity lower than 1.3 logMAR or a visual field no more than10 degrees in the better eye with best correction. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in white people, while glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy are the leading causes in coloured people. (Congdon et al, 2004) Low Vision Assessment:…

Optometrist vs Ophthalmologist Understanding the difference between ophthalmologists and optometrists can be confusing for people seeking vision and eye care. There is some overlap in certain areas between an optometrist vs. Ophthalmologist, but there are also some very striking differences. Fortunately, once you have an understanding of what each of them do, you can know where to go to get the professional care that best fits your needs. Comparison Chart Optometrists Ophthalmologist Definition…

system disease, heart disease and stroke are many of the complications if you do not keep your diabetes in check. "The presence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is strongly correlated with the development of micro-vascular complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. It also causes macro-vascular complications, such as cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. When compared to a person without diabetes, a person with type 2 diabetes has a 10–15 fold…

“I was a bit frightened but I did not mention it to anybody because I thought they would call me deaf, silly, stupid, whatever!” said an 80 year-old woman who got macular disease problem and Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) in an interview (Macular Disease, 2013) Charles Bonnet Syndrome is a condition when people see things that are not actually there. This syndrome has been discovered by an exceptional naturalist and philosopher, Charles Bonnet in 1720 who was initially observed symptoms from his…

glucose, nervousness, anxiety, sweating and chills, confusion, tachycardia, polyphagia, weakness, altered mental status, seizures, and coma. All of these are caused by lack of glucose. (American Diabetes Association, 2014). DKA and HHNKA DKA or diabetic ketoacidosis is a condition where in type 1 diabetes, the blood glucose levels exceed 250 mg/dL. Causes of DKA include infections, particularly pneumonia, UTI 's and sepsis, insulin that is inadequate or noncompliance and CVD 's like…

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a disorder where the insulin in the pancreas doesn’t function properly and cannot produce any. Every day, thousands of people around the planet are devastatingly diagnosed with T1D. Patients with this illness should realize the causes, symptoms, risk factors, complications, treatment, and preventions because it could save your life. The causes include family history and genetics. In addition, symptoms include dizziness, extreme weight loss, and excessive urination. A…

Ocular Ischemic Syndrome (OIS) is a rare, primarily unilateral condition caused by hypoperfusion secondary to ophthalmic and carotid artery blockages.1 An internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis happens 90% of the time causing perfusion pressure to decrease in the central retinal artery.1 In patients with an ICA stenosis, studies have shown that plasma levels of homocysteine and C-reactive protein are linked to the development of OIS.3 When ICA stenosis occurs, there is an incomplete blood…

Chronic Renal Disease: J.H. and ESRD J. H. is a 55-year-old African American male who presented himself to the Emergency Department with a progressively worsening headache. He had a blood pressure (BP) of 233/134, with complaints of regular abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting and shortness of breath with exertion. Alert and oriented, he stated non-compliance with his BP medications and refusal to do dialysis since his initial diagnosis. Pathophysiology ESRD is the fifth and final stage…

Hypertension Yocasta Mercedes Xiaopeng Zhou MD MED 115-M03 Summer 2015 Hypertension Is a cardiovascular disease, in which the blood pressure is abnormally high. For a person be Hypertensive the blood pressure has to be higher than 140 over 90 mmHg, this means the systolic reading is over 140 mmHg or the diastolic reading is over 90 mmHg. The blood pressure, in mmHg:  Normal blood pressure is less than 120 systolic and when the diastolic is less than 80.  Prehypertension is…

Blood sugar gets checked before and after exercise to oversee adequate blood sugar (Krzymien et al., 2015). The American diabetes association suggests 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise a week (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). DKA Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a critical…