Deep brain stimulation

moves, causing uncontrollable movements. The pathophysiology of PD is idiopathic (having no known cause), but symptoms are known to indicate the disease. We know what happens when PD invades the brain, but we don’t know why. PD is caused by decreased dopamine-producing cells and accumulated proteins in the brain, also known as lewy bodies. Dopamine is needed in the body for many functions, but its main function is paracrine signaling (cell to cell communication). The accumulation of…

Home Elderly Care and Venous Thromboembolism A venous thromboemolisms (VTE) is a fancy name for a blood clot that forms in the vein. When the clot is located in a deep vein, it is called a deep vein thrombosis. Should the clot break loose and make its way to the lungs, it becomes a pulmonary embolism. If it breaks loose and goes to the brain, it is called a stroke. According to the US Surgeon General, between 100,000 to 200,000 people die of VTEs every year in the United States, alone. The…

nigra die off. These nerve cells relay message that control body movements. The other parts of the brain that impact movement and become damaged in people with Parkinson’s include: the striatum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. The striatum collects information, and along with the substantia nigra, which is located in the midbrain, is responsible for sending impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. The basal ganglia and cerebellum work together so that any movement is carried out seamlessly. In…

emotions come from the brain, yet it is also evident that specific areas of brain are responsible for productions of feelings. In order to better understand the production mechanism, it is vital to get deeper into the brain’s emotional map and examine particular areas. One of these specialized areas of central interest is the amygdala that is responsible for producing special emotions. By studying the neurobiological nature of the amygdale, it is possible to argue that this brain part has a…

In our brains we have two major areas that are responsible for controlling our movements, these areas are the substantia nigra pars compacta and the basal ganglia. The substantia nigra pars compacta is responsible for producing dopamine, which controls the transmission of messages that initiate and control movement and balance. The basal ganglion is composed of numerous subcortical nuclei, which are crucial for controlling fine motor movements. Unfortunately, these areas of the brain are…

optogenetics, according to the website ZME Science’s article Ultrasounds used to control neurons in a worm's brain by Tibi Puiu is that light is unable to go through the body like sound can. Neuroscientists need a way to activate singular neurons reliably, specifically ones in deep inside the brain. Sonogenetics could be the answer to this problem. According to Singularity Hub’s article Brain-Controlling Sound Waves Used to Steer Genetically Modified Worms by Shelly Fan, by using pulses of…

chemical that allows communication between the brain and body movements. The disease eliminates dopamine-producing nerve cells within the brain which accounts for problems with sleeping, motivation, thinking and much more. Currently, treatments for the disease include a drug named Levodopa, discovered in the 1960’s, it is ingested as a tablet or capsule and converts into dopamine once inside the body. In more severe cases where this is not viable deep brain surgery is done to implant…

An epileptic seizure is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain and is caused by an abnormal and excessive electrical discharge of a group of neurons within the brain. “Epilepsy is the condition of recurrent spontaneous seizures arising from abnormal electrical activity in the brain.” (Stafstorm & Rho 2014) Anyone can experience a seizure under the right conditions while epilepsy suggests an enduring variation of brain function that facilitates seizure reoccurrence. At a basic level…

reading people are only scan through the material because after a few minutes it is hard to paying close attention. The author states that deep reading is the basic thing of deep thinking. Unfortunately, I couldn’t find information about the solution to this problem. We are using the internet increasingly however, every person responsible for their actions, including deep reading and thinking. No one is forced to use the internet, but it is tempting, and it is becoming a need because of our…

He reinforces the fact that it all has to do with the reward circuitry inside our brains. The author also explains that the human brain is drawn to systems where rewards are clearly defined and achievable in certain environments (Johnson 492). When we are hooked on a game, it’s because we want to know what happens next so we can gain a reward. He emphasizes…