Decentralization

21. Explain the purpose of primary elections. A primary election is an “intraparty election used by political parties to select a candidate to run in the general election.” (pg.661) The purpose of primary elections is to narrow down and select a candidate for each party and elect party officers; then the general election will decide who becomes the next president. 22. List the pros and cons of political machines. Political machines are “groups that control activities of a political party.”…

performance targets achieved through the process of personalization are a necessity. A personalized curriculum is not devoid of the required standards. It offers ways to move away from the one-size-fits-all methods of teaching these standards. • Decentralization is a non-negotiable. A personalized curriculum requires that the school, not the central office, become the center of the learning and accountability process. Schools must have the freedom to personalize their selections of…

Community policing has been an innovative policing philosophy that worth to be examined deeply. This kind of organizational strategies is seen to be different from the traditional policing at various aspects, since the targets and approaches of community policing is nearly opposite to those of traditional policing. Yet, both models of policing are sharing the same goal, which is to maintain social order by reduce the harm brought by crime in the society. Community policing achieves such aim by…

are reluctant to organizational changes. Thus, it does not encourage innovation. Many organizations are using theory Y techniques. Employees are given opportunities to contribute to organizational sustainability. Therefore, theory Y encourages decentralization of authority, teamwork and participatory decision making in an organization. Theory Y searches and discovers the ways in which an employee can make significant contributions in an organization. It harmonizes and matches employees’ needs…

As the 226th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Francis has established his views and ideologies of the church since before he became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998. Known for his humility, dialogue, openness, and inclusivity, Pope Francis has been under the radar to be a Pope that will take the church in a new direction that best suits the way the world is today. Pope Francis’ vision of the church parallels the meaning of the church’s catholicity and the movement towards World…

His study documents the process of that development, which he divides into three distinct eras: from 1900 to 1940, from 1941 to 1960, and from 1960 through the civil rights years and beyond. The first period incorporates the years of the great migration of southern blacks to the larger cities of the North and East. Noting that this period also witnessed a diffusion of many of those migrants to outlying areas around those cities, areas that meet the geographical, if not the sociological,…

1. Introduction Today, to develop economy and society is the most necessary task of each country. As can be seen, the root of this problem is human development. People are the central to all other the development. Therefore, education and training is the most important factor in the formation and development for high quality human resources and these things should be focused right from the policies and guidelines of the government. Throughout the process of innovation since 1986, Vietnamese…

Primary control results when employees with individualistic tendencies (see Bellah et al., 1987) attempt to shape the social and behavioral factors surrounding them, including co-workers and particular events, with the aim of increasing their rewards. Thus, many members of the organization demonstrate behaviors and establish goals that may be incongruent with those desired by the organization. For these reasons, formal control systems made up of rules, standards, and norms of behavior…

1. Introduction E-Learning is a young and ground-breaking phenomenon for serving the needs of learners. The use of technology and new communication channels allow teachers and learners to experience a social, interactive and vibrant learning environment. Governments invest in E-Learning initiatives for making education accessible to everyone by lowering the barriers of time and place and providing flexibility and affordability especially for those could not enter traditional programs. (Bichsel,…

History seems to flow in a loop, seemingly invincible civilizations rising and falling to dust in the blink of an eye, emphasizing how easy it can be to get caught in the unavoidable cycle of political turmoil and economic depression. With Rome, we saw how increasingly futile wars and conquests drained the resources of the empire, until angry mobs were stampeding the streets and the barbarians ransacked the city. In a more recent nation, the Soviet Union, the whole world watched in shock as it…