Cytotoxicity

ABSTRACT Current response of ascorbic acid-stabilized copper (Cu) single nanoparticles (NPs) collision on gold (Au) ultramicroelectrode (UME) surface was observed by the electrocatalytic amplification method. When the applied potential to the UME was 0.4 V, blip (or spike) response of current, which is responsible for the self-oxidation of Cu NP, was obtained. When the applied potential was over 0.5 V, the blip response combined with staircase response was obtained. The blip part indicates the…

1. Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) can be ranked as the sixth leading cancer by incidence worldwide (1,2). Every year, there are more than 550,000 patients diagnosed with head and neck cancers worldwide and around 300,000 related deaths (3). Squamous cell carcinomas represent 90% of cases and mostly arise from the epithelial lining of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. SCCHN can be divided into three stages: early stage (I/II), locally…

Coeliac disease is specific for its disruption in normal nutrition absorption within the mucosa of the small intestine due to the flattening of the villi within the lining of it due to its affects (1). Individuals primarily affected by coeliac disease are generally genetically predisposed to factors which illicit an autoimmune response on the mucosa of the small intestine (4). This causes the improper function of many digestive mechanisms responsible for protein uptake, more specifically in the…

The optimized PF0 encapsulated hybrid NCs formulation was achieved by a two-step process (Fig 1) using nanoprecipitation and subsequently coating with chitosan. In Step-I, the nanoprecipitation technique was used to prepare PF0 loaded BSA NCs (PF0-ANC). In this nanoprecipitation technique, acetone was used as a desolvent [40]. Varying concentrations of PF0 solutions (125µM - 375µM) and BSA solution (156.25µM – 468.75µM) (Table 1) were mixed in a glass vial. The PF0 BSA solution was then added…

2. Synthetic surfactants used in pharmaceuticals and their properties. 2.1 Classification of surface active agents. The widely used synthethic surfactants in pharmaceuticals are classifieds as according on their surface charges. 1.Anionic surfactants:sodium alkyl sulfonates .SDS,SLS. 2.Cationic surfactants:Quaternary ammonium chlorides (quats),pyridinium salts . 3.Zwetterionic (amphoteric) surfactants:phospholipids- Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin). 4.Nonionic surfactants: spans( esters of…

Synthesis of PEG-RAFT agent The synthesis of the macro PEG -RAFT agent, Chain Transfer Agent (CTA), was performed by esterification method. Briefly, RAFT agent (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) and dihydroxyl PEG (2g, 0.5 mmol) were dissolved in 35 mL of DCM in a 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. Then, it was placed in an ice bath (0 ºC); Next, DCC (0.25 g, 1.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.015 g, 0.12 mmol) were added. After 30 min of stirring at 0 °C, the reaction temperature is elevated to room…

Introduction According to Bio-Rad, Alamar Blue is a “cell viability assay reagent which contains the cell permeable, non-toxic and weakly fluorescent blue indicator dye called resazurin.” (Bio-Rad, n.d.). Meaning that the resazurin is going to be using an oxidation-reduction (REDOX) indicator that will undergo a color change due to the response of the cellular metabolic reduction. “The reduced form resorufin is pink and highly fluorescent, and the intensity of fluorescence produced is…

4. Discussion ZnO NPs are known to be cytotoxic and genotoxic in vitro and in vivo [9; 24-26]. However there is a lack of information where immunomodulatory effects of ZnO NPs are considered. Since, in vitro system cannot mimic the complexity of an in vivo system; hence in vivo is preferred for the toxicological evaluation. In the present study BALB/c mice were chosen as the in vivo model due to their immunocompetence and similarity with human metabolic activity, biochemical and physiological…

Using infliximab to treat Crohn’s disease Introduction Crohn’s disease is a type of IBD that causes inflammation in any part gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. In response to this inflammation, the body’s immune system attacks the GI tract (Dessein, 2008). The progression of this chronic inflammatory disease is brought about by the action of several cellular processes and pro-inflammatory mediators (Poggioli, 2007). Because there is no single factor that can be targeted to…

CD4+ T lymphocytes, or cells, are white blood cells that are involved in immune protection. These cells assist B cells in creating antibodies, allow macrophages to establish heightened antimicrobial activity, recruit neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils towards inflammation and infection. CD4+ T cells also produce a group of cytokines, which respectively, trigger an abundance of immune responses. T cell differentiation Originally, Mosmann et al., 1986 reported that CD4 T cells can be…