Cytotoxicity

HepG2 cells were obtained from American type culture collection (ATCC), USA (ATCC No. HB-8065). This cell line is derived from a liver hepatocellular carcinoma of a 15 year old Caucasian male. After thawing, cells were maintained as a sub confluent monolayer in a 75 cm2 culture flask using the modified DMEM medium with 10% (v/v) FBS + penicillin-streptomycin (50 units/ml). The cells were used to experiments after two weeks of thawing from cryopreserved stock. On the day of harvest, the cell…

successful. Researchers tried replacing the gene that copies Becker's Muscle Dystrophy phenotype using adeno-associated virus vector. That was unsuccessful because the proteins produced a reaction from the immune system causing T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, against both the protein and the vector. Researchers also tried to suppress what they called a nonsense mutation. With this mutation the stop codon is placed too soon, stopping the dystrophin protein from being made. This method also failed.…

1. What is the most likely diagnosis of the underlying disease in this patient (5 marks)? Follicular Lymphoma. 2. Describe the process of autologous transplantation for the treatment of this patient’s disease. (5 marks). Stem cells are removed from patient and stored in a freezer. Patient will then receive high dose chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to get rid of circulating tumor cells in the blood. The removed stem cells are transfused, replacing the destroyed tissue and…

Kaempferol is a natural polyphenol, secondary metabolite (flavonol), a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plant-derived foods. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 276–278 °C. It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in hot ethanol, ethers, and DMSO. Kaempferol acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress. Many studies suggest that consuming kaempferol may reduce the risk of various cancers, and it is currently under consideration as a possible…

Mixed contamination of PAHs and metals occur ubiquitously in the environment, but their combined toxicity to humans and other organisms are not fully addressed. The data from epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies indicated the nature of interaction between PAHs and metals varies from synergism to additivity or antagonism. In this chapter, the combined toxicity of PAHs and metals on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic endpoints, and possible mechanism of actions were discussed. In addition,…

electrons are excited (Cuenca et al. 2006). Dr. Alex Cuenca and his colleagues are among some of those involved in early development of cancer treatments using nanotechnology. “Because of their composition of heavy metals and previous reports of cytotoxicity, the potential use of quantum dots in humans may be limited. Uncoated or nonpolymer-protected quantum dots are unstable when exposed to ultraviolet radiation and have been shown to release toxic cadmium (Cuenca et al. 2006).” This is one of…

1. Introduction The aim is to produce a biopolymerical matrix from alginate derivatives loaded with chlorhexidine derivatives (chlorhexidine digluconate and chlorhexidine dihydrochloride) to use in treating periodontal diseases, which is widespread internationally. These diseases are referred to as periodontitis, or also as gingivitis. Gingivitis happens when the plaque and tartar stay longer time on teeth, and then become more harmful. In gingivitis, the gums become red, swollen and can bleed…

is formed by insects especially in an oak tree. In fact, tannic acid is one of the three ingredients used to absorb poison. Tannic acid is very responsive in killing bacteria and suppress inflammation specifically and aside from it, it has less cytotoxicity that’s why it can be used as an alternative for anti-bacterial ointments. This is one of the reasons why this acid that can be found in guava leaf can be the top applicant for wound dressing and an immediate cure for skin bruises. Guava leaf…

Causes of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma By Liji Thomas, MD Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent tumor of the lymphatic system which may often remain inactive for years before undergoing transformation into an aggressive tumor. After treatment, a high percentage of patients fail to respond, and these tumors are categorized as refractory lymphomas. Some respond with an initial positive change, but then develop signs of recurrent tumor, called relapsed follicular lymphoma. What…

level of activating cytokines such as the Interleukin-2, Interferon-gamma and Interleukin-12. In laboratory, the two cellular cytotoxic effector mechanisms that have been determined are the commonly implicated leukocyte-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity and a newly distinguished cytotoxic phenomenon known as the ‘BCG-activated killer (BAK) cell phenomenon.’ The involved effector cells are the activated natural killer cells (NK cells), in which selectively kill malignant targets (Kapoor,…