Cytotoxicity

2. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: 2.1. What are Monoclonal Antibodies? 2.1.1. “Clones” A clone is a group (family) of cells which come from a single parent cell that divides various times and are identical in all ways. In their structure, metabolic characteristics, functions, etc. 2.1.2. “Antibodies” An antibody is a protein which is produced by the human body’s immune system when it detects a substance that may be harmful (antigens like: bacteria, viruses, chemicals, parasites, etc). Antibodies…

response is initiated, NK cells have the ability to respond to stressed cells in the absence of the MHC receptor, allowing a much faster immune response. The lack or downregulation of MHC receptors on the surface of target cells triggers NK cell cytotoxicity, allowing NK cells to destroy tumor and virus-infected cells by lysis. At the same time, NK cells stimulate and guide other cells, including lymphocytes (T and B cells) of the adaptive immune system, to the area of infection to help increase…

of the 96 well plates. The CCRF-CEM cells were incubated for 3 h, and DU-145 cells were incubated for 1 h at 37 oC with 5% carbon dioxide. The absorbance of the formazan product was measured at 490 nm using microplate reader. The percentage of cytotoxicity was calculated as [(OD value of cells treated with the tested compound) − (OD value of culture medium)]/[(OD value of control cells) − (OD value of culture medium)] ×…

Several cytotoxicity assays were performed in order to determine the toxicity of dichloroacetate. Using 24 well culture plates, an equal number of cells were treated with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mM concentrations of dichloroacetate in triplicate. Viable cell…

brain of another person. The intensity of such a surge is dictated at the discretion of Emma Frost, and it can be so mild that it causes only momentary confusion, or so overwhelming that the surge can cause the structures within the brain to emit cytotoxicity and cause brain death.…

Respiratory infections are a major global health burden. The emergence and spread of drug-resistant respiratory tract pathogens, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has aggravated the current situation. High dose delivery of drugs to the lung using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) is an emerging approach to combat drug-resistant local infections. To achieve high dose delivery, highly aerosolizable powders are required. We hypothesized that co-spray-drying kanamycin, a hydrophilic hygroscopic…

Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered a primary brain tumor which is extremely aggressive and difficult to treat. Glioblastoma is demarcated by highly aggressive proliferation with great invasive potential as well as refractory to present treatments due to suppression of pro-apoptotic pathways (Karmakar et al., 2007). Such factors up-regulated in cancer involve cell proliferation, cell invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resistance to chemo and radiotherapy (Kunnumakkara et al., 2008).…

The structures, antigen binding, and abilities to activate complement are important aspects to understand different drugs relating to autoimmune diseases. Each of the four drugs, infliximab, Adalimumab, Etanercept, and Certilizumab, have different antibody structures, leading to differences in function and binding abilities. The drug infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody, containing 25% mouse-derived and 75% human-derived amino acids. The drug Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal…

There are many challenges to successful organ transplants, including matching a recipient and a donor based on matching genetic variability. It is extremely difficult to match MHC perfectly with a donor and a recipient as there are many locations where genetic differences can still cause a rejection reaction by the recipient. A familial donor is usually the closest to a perfect genetic MHC match that a recipient can find. The closer the match of genetic variability, the better the chances that…

Metastasis is the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it. Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse. Special knowledge that one may need to know to understand the project is the basics of psychology. However, every single term…