Cytosol

1. The peripheral nervous system, which is divided into the sensory and motor divisions, is involved in physical sensation. Sensory impulses move though the body by being stimulated by a receptor in the skin. It then travels to the sensory neurons and through the afferent fibers, were it will end up at the spinal cord as well as the brain. 2. The motor division of the nervous system are involved in skeletal muscle movement. Motor impulses move through efferent fibers. A motor unit is a motor…

complex. The acidic environment denatures macromolecules to increase their surface area for hydrolases to act. Once broken down, the soluble, useful material such as sugars, amino acids and nucleotides are used by the cell as nutrients; they enter the cytosol through the lysosomal membrane by either facilitated diffusion or active transport. Indigestible material remains within the lysosome to form a residual body; this is removed from the cytoplasm by exocytosis and is excreted from the body as…

which the cell finds itself, that cell can either move into the process of aerobic respiration and commence the citric acid cycle or continue with fermentation if there is no oxygen available. When oxygen is present, the pyruvate moves out of the cytosol in which glycolysis took place and crosses the membrane into the matrix of the mitochondria. There, before entering the citric acid cycle, the pyruvate undergoes a transition stage, in which the two pyruvates are converted into two…

9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Catabolic pathways and production of ATP Fermentation - occurs without O2, is partial degradation of sugars to release energy Aerobic respiration - uses O2 in breakdown of glucose (or other energy-rich organic compounds) to yield CO2 and H2O and release energy as ATP and heat Of some prokaryotes - doesn’t use O2 as a reactant but it 's a similar process Cellular respiration - usually used to refer to aerobic process Is…

Corynebacterium diphtheria targets cells of the mucosa membranes of the upper respiratory tract and cutaneous tissues of the skin. Rarely, infection can occur at other mucosal sites such as the eyes, ears, or genitals (CDC, 2016). C. diphtheria bacteria produce an exotoxin, diphtheria toxin, and release it to their external environment at the site of infection. From there, the toxin can travel through the bloodstream and affect different cells throughout the body, and block their protein…

Using ATP-hydrolysis the myosin head pulls the Z-lines of the actin filament towards each other leading to a shortening of the sarcomeres and the I-band, and the cardiomyocyte contracts (6) (7) (8). Several mechanisms allow a removal of Ca²+ from the cytosol for muscle relaxation including active Ca²+ uptake into the sarcoplasmatic reticulum via the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca²+ transporter (SERCA) (9) and ejection through the sarcolemma by virtue of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (10) as major…

Hormone is a biological process that involves signaling molecules. These hormones “are secreted into extracellular fluid, which circulate in the blood or hemolymph of animals. This communicates regulatory messages throughout the body” (Reese 993). There are many things that may trigger a hormone to trigger different responses within the human body. This includes intracellular proteins and receptors. First, intracellular proteins act with intracellular receptors. “Intracellular receptors for…

and “triggers the expression of mitochondrial chaperones”(Weidberg), which aid in the correct folding and transportation of proteins. The next two pathways both attempt to “reduce translation and induce degradation of unimported proteins in the cytosol” (Weidberg). They are the UPRam (Unfolded Protein Response Activated by Mistargeting of Proteins) and the mPOS (Mitochondrial Precursor Over-Accumulation Stress) pathways. The purpose of the experiment was to “determine how cells respond to…

The receptor opens and conducts Ca2+ in the cytosol which then bind to the membrane channel Ryanodine receptor (RyR) (Silverthorn, 2007). RyR leaks out Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which induces a calcium spark (Silverthorn, 2007). Calcium binds to troponin, whose affinity to actin is…

28. a) A structure that was made if two chains of nucleotides, each in a helix, with each chain running parallel to each other. Also proved that the nucleotide bases could pair up in only one way based on Chargaff’s rule. b) Franklin’s x-ray diffraction photographs showed that the wet form of DNA likely had a double helix. Wilkins showed Watson Franklin’s results and at the time Watson and Crick were experimenting with many potential models of having 1,2 or even 2 strands. As soon as Watson saw…