Cytosol

Johnson, 2004). Corticosteroids are steroid hormones that target the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (figure 1). This can lead to up or down-regulation of gene transcription. It can also influence transcription factors directly in the cytosol to reduce proinflammatory effects of the associated transcription factors (Johnson, 2004). Since salbutamol and other β2-agonists and corticosteroids are often prescribed simultaneously for chronic asthma, two questions need to be asked: 1) Are…

cell. 3. The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of proteins floating in a phospholipid bilayer. 1.2.2 Cytoplasm: 1. Everything within the cell membrane which is not the nucleus is known as the cytoplasm. 2. Cytosol is the jelly-like mixture in which the other organelles are suspended, so cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm. 3. Organelles carry out specific functions within the cell. In Eukaryotic cells, most organelles are surrounded by a membrane, but in Prokaryotic cells there are no…

The human body is made up of thousands of cells, each with a defined genetic program that allows them to work synchronically to regulate the metabolic and physiological processes required by the organism. All cells die (not accidentally), because in old age or because they are Cell death by apoptosis plays a crucial role in tissue development and homeostasis. This process is carried out through mitochondrial permeabilization and the activation of caspases. The condensation of chromatin and the…

Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements. The functions of these organelles are extremely similar between the two classes of cells (peroxisomes perform additional complex functions in plant cells having to do with cellular respiration). However, the few differences…

this makes phosphofructokinase the regulator of ATP production. In step 10, the enzyme Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by high levels of Acetyl CoA and ATP, this is activated by fructose 1 6-bisphosphate. The product pyruvate is transported from the cytosol to the mitochondrial membranes into the matrix, this process is activated by ADP and AMP. Most pyruvate formed is converted to Acetyl CoA which then enters the Citric Acid Cycle. The citric acid cycle (CAC) takes place in the mitochondrial…

it is tightly regulated. At the beginning, the Rab protein is in the cytoplasmic pool in its inactive form, bound to GDP. In the GDP-bound form, they associate with a guanine dissociation inhibitor (GDI), which stabilizes the inactive Rab in the cytosol. In order to be activated, GDP has to be a changed to GTP. This reaction is facilitated by one or more guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Due to the high cytosolic concentration of GTP (~1mM), it is ensured that GTP binds to Rab as soon…

hydrolyze in protons H + and anion lactate . During intense and short-term exercise, when proton transport shuttle systems begin to be exceeded, H + ions by combining with pyruvic acid form lactic acid, which causes accumulation of the lactate in the cytosol .In addition, when exercise increases in intensity and duration an ammonium…

inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The disease is caused by a monogenic nonsense or missense mutation in the PEX7 gene of humans, encoding the Pex7p import receptor protein responsible for transporting PTS2 proteins and enzymes from the cytosol to the matrix of the peroxisome. Affected individuals are significantly impaired and do not live longer than a decade, displaying severe learning, growth, development, and skeletal problems including stippling patterns in atypically shortened…

apoptosis. These effects include cell shrinkage, PS externalization, and membrane microvesiculation 2-5. Cytochrome C, a component of the electron transport chain, is normally located in mitochondrial intermembrane space, and its release into the cytosol is generally the earliest and most critical initiating factor for mitochondrial mediated apoptosis 6-7. Platelets express several distinctive apoptotic signs during storage 8-10. PS exposure is also a characteristic of apoptosis and appears to…

The energy currency for almost all living organisms is a compound called ATP, or adenosine tri-phosphate. This compound is made of up one adenine and three phosphate molecules which link together to form a structure like this: Adenosine Notice that the three bonds within this molecule become increasingly longer the farther away the phosphate is from the adenosine. This is to represent the fact that the bonds weaken as the distance between the adenosine and phosphates increases. This is…