Cytosol

Calcium ions are vital for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytoplasm they use allosteric effects caused by indirect transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors. Calcium signalling is cause by gradients across the plasma membrane, as the resting concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is normally kept ˷100 nM, compared to the extracellular concentration which is ˷1.5mM. To continue low concentration within the cell, Ca2+ signals can be generated either from extracellular…

other structural proteins to deliver the body with strength and hold the body together. All proteins are synthesized at cellular structures called ribosomes. When the protein is used in the cell the ribosome stays in the cytosol and the finished protein is released into the cytosol. However if a…

clinical tumor size were evaluated in categories according to tumor size, i.e., 2 cm or less and greater than 2 cm, and as a continuous variable. Outcome was also evaluated relative to tumor PgR content, i.e., negative (<10 fmol/mg cytosol protein) or positive (ù10 fmol/mg cytosol protein), and to tumor ER content, which was examined as a continuous variable and categorized according to the stratification categories used at randomization. Model results have been summarized as…

determine where the drugs may reside according to their properties. We learned that there are parts in the cell that are more hydrophobic (water-fearing) and other parts that are hydrophilic (water-loving). The cell membrane is mostly hydrophobic and the cytosol is mostly hydrophilic. We made predictions of where the drugs would reach giving their chemical structure. This…

Lead Identification (LO): Lead compounds bind to target receptors, and shows potentially therapeutic pharmacological activity, and may contain similar structures and functional groups. Lead compounds are used as a foundation for drug development and may be modified structurally for greater pharmacodynamic efficiency and potency.1 One source of determining lead compounds is by assaying libraries through HTS. Researchers analyze the drug’s ADME properties (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and…

The subunits are produced separately in the nucleolus, released by the nuclear envelope out into the cytosol, and then synthesized. They are made of rRNA, or ribosomal ribonucleic acid, and protein. There are two types of ribosomes: free and bound. Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, while bound ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Free ribosomes and bound ribosomes are interchangeable. The cell ca change the numbers…

transfer of molecules across the membrane. Phospholipids are the main molecules of the cell membrane. It forms a bilayer in which their hydrophilic (attracted to water) head areas are arranged to face the cytosol (liquid part of the cell) and hydrophobic (repel water) tail areas face outside the cytosol. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable allowing certain molecules and ions to pass through it. Carbohydrate molecules are also dispersed…

Brian Diaz & Emilio Hernandez Biology Honors Dr. Odom 12-4-17 Curing Cancer: Lysosome & Active Transport For this research project we used lysosomes as the cell structure and active transport as the cell capability. We used these factors in order to find a cure for breast cancer. The reason we chose breast cancer is because if anything were to go wrong we would have the capability of having a mastectomy before the cancer can spread. However, with lung cancer we don't have the ability to…

Construction of DNA, RNA, And Protein By Building Models Introduction Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. When these nucleic acids form sequences they create either DNA or RNA. DNA and RNA are composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base. The main difference in RNA and DNA is that uracil replaces the base of thymine in RNA. Proteins are essential to maintaining cells by creating hormones and enzymes, and defending the cell. The arrangement of DNA and RNA bases dictates what protein…

Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, with prominent motor symptoms (i.e. rigidity, tremors and bradykinesia) [1, 2] and non-motor symptoms [3, 4] (i.e. sleep disorders, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias and cognitive deficits), ultimately leading to death. There are two defining features of PD, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and an abundant amount of -synuclein protein in the brain creating Lewy bodies [5]. When -synuclein misfolds…