Cytosol

This active process would only occur in a living organism since requires energy, in the form of ATP. This process requires reducing agents, NADPH in the cytosol and NADH from the nucleus, to reduce into red coloured products and cause alterations in metabolic activity. Iodonitrotetrazolium reduction would most likely be observed in the later stages of toxicity since it requires energy. What effects would…

cell. The alpha subunit then dissociates from the rest and activates phospholipase C (PLC). PLC then yields diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3. IP3 then binds to a ligand-gated channel thereby releasing Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytosol. Ca²⁺ then binds to calmodulin and forms the Ca²⁺-calmodulin complex. This complex activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) which then phosphorylates myosin light chain. The phosphorylation induces a conformation change that allows actin and…

C-myc is a transcription factor that is involved in the strict regulation of the cell cycle. It regulates genes that promote the induction of the cell cycle and it is also involved in apoptosis. The c-myc ¬gene is one of the most commonly activated oncogenes and has been found to be overexpressed in many cancers. Activation of this oncogene may contribute to as many as 100,000 cancer deaths per year in the United States alone (Dang et al., 2006). The discovery that this gene is involved in so…

simpler of the two and are the one-celled organisms such as bacteria and archaea. The interior of a prokaryotic cell consists of a main nucleoid, which contains the DNA, the ribosomes, which synthesize proteins, and the cytoplasm, which is a liquid cytosol that suspends the organelles. The cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane, which facilitates what enters or leaves the cell, a cell wall, which gives rigidity…

Experimental Design Aim 1: Determine the amino acid sensing specificity of folliculin. Since folliculin’s novel amino acid sensing function discovery, I plan to further understand whether FLCN specifically senses a certain amino acid and if this level of detection is enough to elicit an mTORC1 response. 1.1. Determine if folliculin’s novel molecular function in amino acid sensing is triggered by glutamine. mTORC1 activation by amino acids requires FLCN where its lysosomal residence during…

membrane and it surrounds all of the organelles. It is a thick solution and it is inside every single cell. Usually the cytoplasm has a majority of water, salts and proteins. The part of the cytoplasm that do not contain organelles is called the cytosol. The cytoplasm may appear to…

In 1935, the first plasma membrane structure model was introduced by Danielli and Davson. They proposed that the membrane is made of phospholipid bilayer that consists of hydrophobic head and the hydrophilic tail. Hydrophilic head, which is polar, facing towards the water molecules and said to be coated with protein. Hydrophilic tail, which is non-polar is not facing water molecules and sandwiched between the two bilayers. At regular intervals of the surface of the plasma membrane, there are…

Calcium is the richest mineral in our body holding many functions during the human development. Ca2+ controls many cellular processes such as: metabolism, gene transcription, fertilisation, proliferation, hypertrophy, secretion, exocytosis, cardiac ventricular mechanisms, neuronal dopaminergic pacemaker mechanisms, contraction, coordination and thinking, (Rubin, 2016). These processes can occur anywhere between a few microseconds to hours to complete. The basal Ca2+ concentration of…

simple movement of molecules. Osmosis is the movement of water across the membrane. Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of substance down its concentration gradient. If the solution outside has a higher solute concentration (hypertonic) than the cytosol the water diffuses out through the cell membrane. If the solution has a lower solute concentration (hypotonic) then the water enters the cell. No osmosis occurs when the concentrations are equal (isotonic). The cell must balance the water…

Muscular Dystrophy is a disease which leads to muscle weakness and loss of strength. This disease begins at an early age and symptoms appear during the early stages of childhood and it progressively destroys and deteriorates the muscles. Among the many types of Muscular Dystrophy, the most common and severe form is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited disorder and unlike other forms of Muscular Dystrophy, it is the one that develops and worsens quickly…