Cytoskeleton

cytoskeletal track due to ATP hydrolysis), the ATP hydrolysis releases ADP and an inorganic phosphate allowing another ATP molecule to bond with the motor protein. At each step, the motor protein changes its shape and its ability to bind to the cytoskeleton (framework of the cell) resulting in the protein’s movement along the cytoskeletal track. From the exergonic breakdown of ATP, the energy released can be used to power the endergonic reaction of regenerating ATP when a phosphate is added to…

Early studies on the lateral diffusion of rhodopsin in ROS membranes resulted in viewing this visual receptor as monomeric entity freely diffusing in a phospholipid bilayer (Calvert et al., 2001; Chabre et al., 2003; Liebman et al., 1982; Poo and Cone, 1974). However, it is important to stress that the movement of rhodopsin restricted to approximately two-dimensional environment of membranous phospholipid bilayer would rather reduce its dynamic freedom by orders of magnitude relative to soluble…

Listeria monocytogenes (L.monocytogenes) is a gram-positive bacterium that is an intracellular human pathogen. L.monocytogenes can persist in vast environmental and animal reservoirs including but not limited: food processing plants, dairy milking equipment, wild birds, and silage (1–3). L.monocytogenes can be seeded into environmental reservoirs through exit of carriers or animal reservoirs by secretion in feces. Handling of equipment used in the production of food for human consumption near or…

Dystrophin is made up of four domains: an N-terminal, a rod domain composed of 24 triple helix repeats and 4 hinges, a cysteine-rich domain and a C-terminal. The N-terminal of the protein binds to actin filaments and acts as a bridge between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via interactions with the dystroglycan complex (DGC) in the sarcolemma in muscles (5). Dystrophin helps to increase membrane stability and prevent the sarcolemma from rupturing. Absence of dystrophin leads…

1. An aura is typically a short period of sensory disturbance (e.g. a bright light) which signals that ___________ will soon occur. a. Migraine episode b. Seizure episode c. Hallucination episode d. All of the above e. A and B only 2. ____________ is the human form of mad cow disease which is caused by the consumption of contaminated beef from cattle. a. Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease b. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease c. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease d. Sporadic…

An isotope is an atom containing different numbers of neutrons, differing in atomic mass. Basically an atom with a different atomic mass. What’s special about radioactive isotopes is that a radioactive isotope has a nucleus that decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy. 6. Radioactive tracers are used in science to label certain chemical substances, so metabolic processes can be followed and substances can be located in an organism. Radioactive tracers are important diagnostic…

What is the central nervous system? It’s a system which consists of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It gathers information about and reacts to internal and external stimulus. Don’t Shoot the Messenger Much of the CNS is made up of neurons. Each neuron has a cell body, which includes a soma with a nucleus, a nucleolus, a cytoplasm called the perikaryon, and wide branching extensions called dendrites. Dendrites are like antennae which receive signals from other neurons or body cells.…

Write a short summary with conclusions about the trypan blue and SDH results. Do the class results agree with the expected effects of the various treatments? Trypan blue exclusion is a method in which the blue dye is a crucial tool used to stain the nucleus of a cell that is non-viable or damaged. This shows early stages of toxicity whereas, the SDH leakage indicates a later onset of toxicity. The SDH leakage method requires the cell to have larger holes in the membrane to allow the sorbitol…

cross-bridge cycling kinetics and consequently macromere retrenchment velocity. Mimesis:- Essential part of the m line that help anchor the myosin filament and the titan strand in the heart of the macromere. Dystrophic:- • Provide determination to the cytoskeleton and sarcolemma of each…

The next topic a student should be schooled in is cells and cellular biology. While cells are the building blocks of all living organism, scientists have confirmed that there are actually different types of cells depending on the organism. The two main classes of organisms are the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. The prokaryotic is the simpler of the two and are the one-celled organisms such as bacteria and archaea. The interior of a prokaryotic cell consists of a main nucleoid, which contains…