Cytoskeleton

Cell respiration is affected when the heart stops. Cells are using up ATP. Therefore, carbon dioxide is building up in the cells and the PH levels cannot balance themselves. Glucose is needed to start glycolysis. Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions that produces ATP from the glucose. Oxygen is needed for the mitochondria. The mitochondria are referred to as the powerhouse of cells. Carbon dioxide is not being released. The cells begin to die and the transport pump then stops working.…

Structure of Tight Junctions and their Dynamic Functions in Health and Disease Tight junction (TJ) discovery in the 1960s helped determine the nature of paracellular transport while the discovery of their constituting proteins subsequently improved understanding of TJs’ dynamic structure. Their role can be appreciated particularly in epithelial cells and when their formation is compromised; I aim to briefly explore the cause of Crohn’s disease to illustrate this. Furthermore, I will outline the…

probably accounts for the vastly decreased ability of prokaryotes to form multicellular organisms.” This is compared to the internal skeleton strucutre of Eukaryotes, where “it is formed by a complex of protein tubules called the cytoskeleton.” (K S Kabnick and D A Peattie, 1991.) This difference in structure gives a pliable membrane to the cell rather than a rigid cell wall. This increases mobility of many Eukaryotes which is essential for the specific function within organisms,…

Each Rab specifically targets to a membrane compartment and controls several factors, such as protein and lipid composition of the membrane, fusion between distinct compartments, vesicle motility along microtubules, and interaction with the cytoskeleton. The membrane targeting process, as well as specific binding to GDI, requires post-translational isoprenylation (geranylgeranyl moieties) of the two Cys residues at or near the C-terminus of Rab (Chavrier et al., 1991; Ullrich et al., 1993). √…

important role as they help the cell communicate with the surrounding environment including other cells. The plasma membrane also serves as an area of attachment for other organelles within the cells internal environment such as the cell wall and the cytoskeleton. The plasma membrane is also essential for controlling homeostasis within the cell. It plays a very important role in maintaining internal conditions that are absolutely necessary for the cell to function properly and does this by…

Kinzy lab two classes of eEF1A mutants were generated. Class one mutants, N305S- and N329S-Ura3p, were found to maintain normal levels of global translation while exhibiting disorganization of actin cytoskeleton. Class two mutants, F308L- and S405P-Ura3p exhibited defects in translation and cytoskeleton. (3) eEF1Bgamma has been show to have no significant effect on translation when it is removed from the cell. It is, however, a suppressor of cold- sensitive mutations of DRS2 which plays a role…

The neurodegenerative diseases, or dementias, are characterized by progressive and irreversible degeneration of the neurons from specific regions of the brain. The pattern of neuronal loss is selective and compromises one or more groups of neurons, without affecting the others. An interesting aspect of these dementias is them arise without any apparent triggering stimulus and in patients with no history of neurological deficits. Alzheimer’s disease is the most prominent of these dementias,…

Ischemia is a state of tissue oxygen deprivation accompanied by a reduced washout of the resulting metabolites (1). Reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow to the ischemic tissue. Despite the unequivocal benefit of reperfusion of blood to an ischemic tissue, reperfusion itself can elicit a cascade of harmful reactions that injure tissue(2). Studies have shown that renal ischemia - reperfusion injury in addition to kidney tissue, will also be affected distant organs such as the brain (3),…

subzero temperatures for up to a few days does help lower the risk of infections. Virulence factors of the causative agent: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most successful parasites on earth. It has the ability to start phagocytosis, it can reform the cytoskeleton. It can be found in the intestinal tract, present as a cyst in meat, or even an oocyst in cat feces. Mode of transmission: Toxoplasmosis is a parasite that has to be ingested in order to be infected. It is mostly related to cat feces,…

haemorrhagic colitis, and in some cases haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombocytopenia and renal failure is considered as attaching and effacing (AE) pathogen due to its involvement in the causation of dramatic changes in host cell membrane and cytoskeleton (Frankel and Phillips, 2008). The EHEC induced AE lesions were caused due to activation of calpains via contact-dependent, type III secretion system (T3SS)-mediated injections of effectors molecules into the host cells (Lai et al., 2011).…