Cytoplasm

effectors which are activated are: Ca2+ sensitive and potassium channels, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, calcineurin and phosphorylase kinase. The Ca2+ sensitive and potassium channels are potassium channels either in the nucleus or cytoplasm which open and close in response to Ca2+. This channel regulates transmitter release, muscular contraction, excitation of neurons, up-regulation of gene expression, release of hormones and neurotransmitters (FABER and SAH, 2016). The Ca2+…

mRNA is lucky enough to go through rough ER (called that because of the ribosomes on the walls of the canal) it can start, and complete the process of translation immediately. If an unlucky strand of mRNA goes through smooth ER, it passes into the cytoplasm. There, tRNA combines with the single strand of mRNA on a free-floating ribosome to form polypeptides (and to complete the process of translation). But how? Amino acids have a trio of tRNA on them. tRNA is just three nitrogenous bases. When…

Next, a new class of natural antimicrobial agent, teixobactin is recently found as a strong bactericidal agent which is active against MRSA treatment. Teixobactin is produced by Eleftheria terrae, a new species of β-proteobacteria which belongs to a new a new genus related to Aquabacteria. Teixobactin is a depsipeptide which contains compounds such as enduracidin, methylphenylalanine and four D-amino acids that involves in inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan. According to Ling et al’s…

Title: Which Antibiotics Kill the Most Bacteria? Caroline Gorman April 2, 2016 HB bl. 6 Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to determine which of five common antibiotics would kill the Rhodococcus rhodochrous bacteria. Hypothesis: Out of the five tested antibiotics, doxycycline will kill the most Rhodococcus rhodochrous because it is generally used to treat mild infections. This will be tested by spreading the bacteria on agar in a Petri dish and adding a small amount of each antibiotic…

thermophila obtains most of its nutrients is called phagocytosis. During phagocytosis, particles are consumed by a portion of the plasma membrane. This results in the formation of a vesicle, or phagosome, which then fuses with a lysosome in the cytoplasm to break down and digest food particles. However, a large fraction of bacteria engulfed by protozoa are not digested. Instead, they remain metabolically active and survive to be discharged to the outside environment (Aijaz and Koudelka, 2017).…

Unfortunately, their star player was hurt because of an illegal slide tackle. The game stopped and the Assistant Coach, Mr. Vacuole gave some water to the players. After the penalty kick, they were still down 4-2 with thirteen minutes left. The cytoplasm on the walls on the stadium were shaking from the noise of the crowd . Still, they were down by two points. Because of the water Mr. Vacuole gave to them, the team scored another goal. Making it a 4-3 game with only three minutes left. Right…

Have you ever heard about cancer? More importantly what is cancer? In order for you to understand what cancer is we’ll need to talk about the cell cycle and then what makes a normal cell into a cancerous cell. Then this will tie into a charity that we picked for cancer, but cancer is something very serious that should be taken serious. The cell cycle is a cycle in which all cells do so they can replicate and take cover for dead cells. In order for them to do that they must go through all…

For people who have Alzheimer’s, the brain has a deficit in the transport of the nucleus of DNA methyltransferase 1 and RNA polymerase II with an abnormal sequence in the cytoplasm (Mastroeni 2013). This is so vital to the process because it disrupts the transport of transcription between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which leads to this disease. Also a big factor is remodeling of the synaptic connections. The regeneration of new connections is important for learning, memory and brain repair…

Stratum Corneum: This is the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead cells (corneocytes). This layer is composed of 15-20 layers of flattened cells with no nuclei and cell organelles. Their cytoplasm shows birefringent filamentous scleroprotein keratin. The purpose of the stratum corneum is to form a barrier to protect underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and mechanical stress. Desquamation, the process of cell shedding from…

1. Glycolysis a. Indicate at what stage the compound is officially no longer a sugar, and why? The compound is no longer a sugar is at stage five. This is because the fructose 1,6 bisphosphate in stage four, breaks down from a six carbon sugar to two, three carbon molecules. The first one being dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and the other being glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). b. Indicate how the glucose enters the cell The glucose enters the cell through facilitated diffusion because…