Cytoplasm

findings of this paper may be able to suggest potential gene therapies for leukemia patients with normal karyotype but mutated NPM1 gene. Perhaps, siRNA targeted against the mutated gene or its restoration can inhibit NPM1’s aberrant expression in the cytoplasm. Since the mutation results in a nucleotide gain at the C termini, the truncation and subsequent re-folding of the protein may be able to restore its wild type…

Within the skeletal muscle cells, there are many organelles. Each cell contains a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma, covering the outer surface of the cell (Ivy Rose). The sarcolemma protects the muscle cell and allows for its shape to be kept. From the sarcolemma, tunnel-like extensions called transverse tubules pass through the muscle fiber (Ivy Rose). These transverse tubules connect the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the sarcolemma (Graham and Parker 117). The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a…

mechanism of action comparable to penicillins i.e. inhibition of transpeptidation course resulting in the arrangement of inadequate cell wall; osmotic impel from the outside isotonic environment of the host cell to the inside of the hypertonic bacterial cytoplasm and finally activation of the autolysin enzyme leading to the lysis of bacteria 3. Cefixime is used to treat positive infection caused by bacteria such as bronchitis (infection of the airway tubes leading to the lungs); gonorrhea (a…

INTRODUCTION Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is characterized by a combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction and corticospinal tract impairment [1]. There are two subtypes of MSA according to the dominant clinical features; MSA-P presenting parkinsonism and MSA-C presenting cerebellar symptoms. The cardinal features of MSA-C are common to hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), which demonstrates variable onset ages and a slower progression. Indeed, considerable…

Peroxisomes serve to produce hydrogen peroxide through oxidation, as well as break it down by converting it to water, or using the hydrogen peroxide to oxidize other organic compounds. They also produce energy by metabolizing fatty acids (Cooper, 2000). Peroxisomes execute various metabolic functions and create hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct from the process of oxidation. However, since the hydrogen peroxide created by the peroxisome is toxic, the organelle also produces an enzyme called…

appearance in the nucleus, which is accompanied with hydropic changes in the cytoplasm. Affected cells often exhibit reticular ballooning and reticular degeneration. Ballooning degeneration is characterized by cell swelling and detachment from neighboring cells, increasing eosinophilicity, multinucleation, and cytoplasmic homogenization. Reticular degeneration involves cell swelling due to vacuolization (this causes the cytoplasm to appear clear), and cell lysis. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies…

Introduction: Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga that contains two flagellas that are used for swimming. It is found in fresh water, in oceans, and in soil. Chlamydomonas are easily grown and controlled. We study chlamydomonas because we are able to easily deflagellate them and then allow them to regenerate their flagella using different chemicals. Due to this characteristic, we are able to study how flagella growth is affected and the rate of flagella growth once deflagellated.…

Richter, 1996). Asp-85 is deprotonated by protonating the empty proton release site (Lanyi, 1998).The proton is transferred from the protonated residue to the Schiff base, causing the salt-bridge to reform (Bonting, 1981). Proton uptake from the cytoplasm uses Asp-96 as the proton donor. This uptake is regulated by protein conformation and depends on this region being hydrated (Lanyi, 1998) and reprotonation of Asp-96 coincides with the retinal returning to the all-trans state (Lanyi, 2005). The…

“I'm super nervous to meet the coach today” she says. She drives to practice. She meets the coach Bob. She thinks in the head the coach is kinda like the chromosomes because they teach you information about softball and how to hit a softball and catch a ball. The chromosomes In the cell Helps direct cell activity and stores necessary information for building proteins. “We are going to run a baseline drill” the coach says. (The girl) says to her friends “ isn't the baseline a little bit like the…

nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the other organelles and contents of the cell. The nuclear membrane is made up of the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. The nuclear envelope is a two layer membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and other organelles. However, molecules must have a way to enter the nucleus. This is why the nuclear envelope forms nuclear pores. These are small openings embedded with ribosomes and proteins that allow other molecules to enter. The DNA…