Cytochrome P450

Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology that describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration. A number of phases occur once the drug enters into contact with the gastro intestinal wall, these are described using the acronym ADME, starting with the mechanisms of absorption, which is the process by which a substance enters the blood circulation. Distribution, where the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. ADME also…

1. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of coronary artery disease The term cardiovascular disease covers a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes that affects the heart and the circulatory system. Coronary artery disease (or ischemic heart disease) accounts for the greatest portion of cardiovascular diseases, and alone caused 8.2 million deaths globally in 2013 [1, 2], therefore it is the major cause of death worldwide. It remains responsible for about 30-35% of all deaths in individuals…

Sitagliptin is a drug that has proven its effectiveness towards managing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease characterized by relative lack of insulin. It consists of insulin resistance as well as dysfunction of β-cells. Insulin resistance indicates that more insulin is required for normal body functioning along with decreased insulin concentration at all levels.4 This lowers the glucose transporter action associated with insulin deficiency.4 Malfunctioning of pancreatic…

Some environmental effects include introducing GM genes into the population, persistence of the gene, non-target organisms, stability of the gene, loss of biodiversity, and increased use of chemicals in agriculture (20 Questions on genetically modified goods, 2009). One environmental hazard to consider includes unintended harm to other organisms. Although Bt corn helps to kill pests that harm the crop, it is not possible to design a Bt toxin that would only kill crop-damaging pests and remain…

The Dangers of Alternative Medicine For as long as modern medicine has existed, people who do not trust in it have followed. Most have met someone of this sort, people who believe that doctors are dangerous and untrustworthy are everywhere. With the rise of social media, they try to convince the world that vaccines are dangerous and how we must use mystery herbs to cleanse our bodies of invisible toxins. This distrust in modern medicine puts oneself and others at risk in many ways. Of the…

Nowadays clinicians are working closely with psychiatrists to provide effective mental health care to clients who might benefit from the use of psychotropic medication. Clinicians will encounter clients who are prescribed several medications for different mental health disorders. Therefore, it is very important that social workers are knowledgeable about the medication their clients are being prescribed, the side effects of the medication and what the medication does to the body, as well as how…

approximately 30% use herbal or natural product supplements on a regular basis. A high protein diet interacts with warfarin. It has been postulated that there is a potential for increased dietary protein intake to raise serum albumin levels and/or cytochrome P450 activity. This is one of the mechanisms for the resulting decrease in international normalized ratio (INR). Some vegetables are an extremely rich source of vitamin K. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, parsley and spinach are all example…

is widely distributed in body tissues following complete absorption. (5) “The volume of distribution was estimated to be 193 l after intravenous administration of 5 mg oxybutynin hydrochloride.” (5) Oxybutynin is metabolized primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzyme systems found in the liver and small intestines through oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. CYP3A4 converts Oxybutynin to its active metabolite, N-desethyloxybutynin. (9) Oxybutynin is extensively metabolized by the liver, with less…

the current study, the effect of nilotinib, a marketed drug used by human beings that has a well-defined safety profile, was investigated on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Nilotinib treatments for mice were found to protect against APAP-induced liver injury as indicated by decreasing the elevated levels of serum ALT, AST, LDH and GGT activities. The protective effect exerted by nilotinib against APAP-induced liver injury was further confirmed histopathologically by preventing APAP-induced…

Pharmacodynamics: Ibuprofen is a NSAID with anti-inflammatory; analgesic and antipyretics effects are the results of the ability to block the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme system, leading to the inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins [6]. COX is the enzyme used for prostaglandin biosynthesis [3]. Both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes are involved with prostaglandin production. The inhibition of these enzymes results in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin thus decreasing pain, fever, and swelling…