Cytochrome P450

2- The fluctuations in plasma drug concentration are minimized and side effect associates with concentration are also minimized. 3- Complete absorption of drug from the floating formulation is expected even at alkaline pH of intestine. The dissolution occurs in gastric fluid and after emptying of the stomach contents the dissolved drug is available for absorption in small intestine. 4- Because of site‐specific absorption from the upper part of the GIT, Drugs that have poor bioavailability are…

Variability in effectiveness and side effects of certain medical interventions among patients is well accepted. Indeed most doctors would agree that a “cookie-cutter approach” to medicine is not best practice and a more concrete approach that offers some predictability about which patients are more or less likely to benefit from an intervention is favored. Precision medicine offers such an approach. Briefly precision medicine involves factoring in individual variability in genes, environment and…

These can react with biological molecules (DNA, proteins, and lipids) leading to oxidative damage. (68) [33] Another source of ROS generation is cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) where the metabolism of ZnO NPs by P450 cytochrome is another possible source of ROS [60]. (65) reeeppp Normally, cells are equipped with a variety of antioxidants that serve to counterbalance the effect of oxidants including; superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase…

1. Flavin monooxygenase (FMO) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) are both enzymes that are involved in phase I metabolism. They are classified as microsomal enzymes that require oxygen and NADPH. These enzymes are involved in the conversion of lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic metabolites by adding molecular oxygen, which ensures rapid excretion. There are genetic variants with both classes of enzymes, which may contribute to interindividual variability in drug response. Some of the…

Dopamine D2 receptor agonists Bromocriptine quick release (QR) is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist licensed in some countries outside Europe for treatment of T2DM as an adjunct to lifestyle changes . The effect of bromocriptine on glycaemic parameters has been noted since 1980. The drug provides a morning boost to hypo¬thalamic dopamine levels, consistent with normal diur¬nal glucoregulation, and contributing to a reduction of sympathetic tone, neural suppression of hepatic glucose production and…

Nortriptyline is a known active metabolite of amitriptyline (Jeon et al., 2011). Nortriptyline is metabolized by different cytochrome P450s but more specifically by CYP2D6 (Smith & Curry, 2011). Nortriptyline works by inhibiting the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin and also blocks histamine and acetylcholine. Both nortriptyline and bupropion inhibit norepinephrine. They…

Write a short summary with conclusions about the trypan blue and SDH results. Do the class results agree with the expected effects of the various treatments? Trypan blue exclusion is a method in which the blue dye is a crucial tool used to stain the nucleus of a cell that is non-viable or damaged. This shows early stages of toxicity whereas, the SDH leakage indicates a later onset of toxicity. The SDH leakage method requires the cell to have larger holes in the membrane to allow the sorbitol…

Historical uses The word "pomegranate" (Punica granatum) is Latin for "fruit of many seeds." The pomegranate is a little deciduous tree or big shrub that bears fruit, the Punica granatum. It is a superfood with much history. Pomegranates can be traced back as early as 4000 BC. Its red fruit sprouts from beautiful red flowers and is between a grapefruit and a lemon in size. The white flesh inside the thick skin is filled by hundreds of seeds. (Tohi, 2016) For thousands of years Ayurvedic…

CASE 1 Pregnancy Carried to Term After Conceiving with an Etonogestrel Subdermal Implant in Place A 26-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 2002, with an Implanon in place for 29 months, presented with a chief complaint of cessation of menses and a positive home pregnancy test. A viable singleton intrauterine pregnancy was confirmed via transvaginal ultrasound. The crown-rump-length was measured to be 0.41 cm, which was consistent with an estimated gestational age of 6 weeks and 1 day. At this…

contributed 89% to the overall metabolism (Hasselstrøm J ). The same results from in-vitro study were found for haloperidol (Kudo S ). In order to verify the first simulation it was decided to focus on several aspects of QSAR modeling for human cytochrome P450. The research was accomplished in the OCHEM platform All the descriptors, datasets and models which were used are publicly available. The OCHEM platform based on two parts – the experimental databases and the QSAR framework, so it is…